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Citation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publishers. 2'1J edition. Vol. 1: Properties and Processes". CRC Press (Taylor & Francis). Boca Raton. FL, pp.33.29-33.48.33.3 AndisolsPaul A. McDanielUniversity of IdahoDavid J. LoweUniversity of WaikatoOlafur AmaldsAgricultural University of IcelandChen-Lu PingUniversity of Alaska. Fairbanks33.3.1Introduct Arnalds_secured request by publisherionAndisols are soils that typically form in loose volcanic ejecta (tephra) such as volcanic ash. cinders, or pumice. They are characterized by andicArnalds_secured request by publisher
properties that include physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties that are fundamentally different from those of soils of other orders. These dCitation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publishers were added to Soil Taxonomy as the 11th soil order (Soil Survey Staff 1990; Parfitt and Clayden. 1991). A very similar taxonomic gr ouping. Andosols. is one of the 32 soil reference groups recognized in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (IƯSS Working Group. 2006). Andisols (and Andosols) Arnalds_secured request by publisher are classified on the basis of selected chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties acquired through weathering and not on parent material aloneArnalds_secured request by publisher
. Both soil names relate to two Japanese words, anshokudo meaning "dark colored soil” (an. dark; shokii, color or tint; do. soil) and ando meaning "daCitation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publishery with depositional stratification developing mainly from ash. pumice, cinders (scoria), or other explosively erupted, fragmental volcanic material (referred to collectively as tephra) and volcaniclastic or reworked materials. Andisols occur much less commonly on lavas. Unlike many other soils. Andi Arnalds_secured request by publishersol profiles commonly undergo “upbuilding pedogenesis” as younger tephra materials are deposited on top of older ones. The resulting profile characterArnalds_secured request by publisher
is determined by the interplay between the rate at which tephras are added to the land surface and classical “topdown” processes that form soil horizCitation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publisherpolygenesis.The coarser fractions of Andisols are often dominated by volcanic glass. This glass weathers relatively quickly to yield a fine colloidal or nanoscale fraction (1-100 nm) dominated by short-range order materials composed of "active" Al. Si. Fe. and organic matter, especially humus. Altho Arnalds_secured request by publisherugh previously described as “amorphous”, short-range order materials comprise extremely tiny but structured nanominerals, the main ones being allophanArnalds_secured request by publisher
e and ferrihydrite (Hochella. 2008). A useful collective descriptor for them is “nanocrystal line" (Michel et al.. 2007). Another colloidal constituenCitation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publishere, ferrihydrite. and metal-humus complexes, are responsible for many of the unique properties exhibited by Andisols.Despite covering less of the global ice-free land area than any other soil order (~1%). Andisols generally support high population densities, about 10% of the world’s population (Ping, Arnalds_secured request by publisher 2000). This is because they typically have exceptional physical properties for plant growth and, in many localities high native fertility because relArnalds_secured request by publisher
atively frequent additions of tephra can renew potential nutrient sources (Ugolini and Dahlgren. 2002; Dahlgren et al.. 2004). The majority of AndisolCitation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publishererally well suited for agriculture production and historically allowed establishment of nonshifting agricultural practices. Despite their generally favorable properties for plant growth. Andisols do pose some engineering and fertility challenges. These soils have low bulk densities, resulting in low Arnalds_secured request by publisher weight-bearing capacity. Andisols also exhibit thixotropy and3sensitivity, properties that cause them to behave in a fluid-like manner when loading pArnalds_secured request by publisher
ressures arc applied (Neall. 2006; Amalds. 2008). Andisols may exhibit substantial fertility limitations, including p fixation, low contents of exchanCitation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publisher. 2005).33.3.2Geographic DistributionAndi sols cover approximately 124 million hectares or about 0.84% of the Earths ice-free surface (Soil Survey Staff. 1999). They are closely associated with areas of active and recently active volcanism, and their global distribution is depicted in Figure 33.13. Arnalds_secured request by publisherThe greatest concentration of Andi sols is found along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of tectonic activity' and volcanoes stretching from South throArnalds_secured request by publisher
ugh Central and North America via the Aleutian Islands to the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia through Japan. Taiwan, the Philippines and Indonesia to PaCitation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publisher Cameroon, the Rift Valley of east Africa, and southern Australia (Soil Survey Staff. 1999). There are numerous volcanic islands where Andisols are common, including Iceland, the Canary' Islands. Azores, the West hidies. and various small islands in the Pacific.The global distribution of Andisols en Arnalds_secured request by publishercompasses a wide variety of climatic conditions -cold-to-hol and wet-to-dry. This suggests that climate is less important to the formation of AndisolsArnalds_secured request by publisher
than is proximity to volcanic or pyroclasic parent materials. Nev crthelcss. the majority' of Andisols are found in higher-rainfall regions of the woCitation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publisherd van Reeuwijk, 1989: Wilding. 2000). Approximately half of rhe world’s Andisols occur in the tropics, with the remaining half being split between boreal and temperate regions (Wilding. 2000; 1USS Working Group. 2006).There are almost 15.6 million ha of Andisols in the United Stales (Soil Survey Sta Arnalds_secured request by publisherff. 1999).The largest areas occur in Alaska (-10 million ha) and in Washington. Oregon. Idaho.northern California, and western Montana (Pcwe, 1975: RiArnalds_secured request by publisher
eger cl al.. 1979; Ping et al.. 1989;Southard and Southard. 1991; Ugolini and Dahlgren. 1991: Goldin cl al.. 1992; Takahashi Ct al.. 1993; McDaniel anCitation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publishercooler temperature regimes (McDaniel et al., 2005). Few Andisols are found in wanner temperature regimes because the summers are normally too hot and dry to allow sufficient weathering or leaching to produce the required andic properties.Iceland contains -1 million ha of Andisols. These represent th Arnalds_secured request by publishere largest area of Andisols in Europe (Amalds. 2004). Andisols also occur in France. Germany, Spain. Italy, and Romania (Buol et al.. 2003: Kleber et aArnalds_secured request by publisher
l.. 2004: Quantin. 2004; IUSS Working Group. 2006; Amalds et al.. 2007). In New Zealand. --3.2 million ha of Andisols occur on the North Island, the mCitation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publisherd Shoji. 2002).Some soils classified as Andisols are also found in humid areas not associated with volcanic activity such as in the southern Appalachian Mountains, pans of Kyushu (Japan), Scotland, Spain, and the Alps. These soils have large quantities of Al or Fe associated with humus (see Section Arnalds_secured request by publisher33.3.3.2) and similar management constraints as those of soils formed from volcanic ejecta, and also key out as Andisols. These attributes further higArnalds_secured request by publisher
hlight the importance of realizing that Andisols are not classified on parent material, but on the properties acquired during weathering and leaching.Citation:McDaniel. P.A.; Lowe. D.J.; Arnalds. o.; Ping. C.-L. 2012. Andisols. In: Huang. P.M.; Li. Y; Sumner. ME. (editors) "Handbook of Soil Sciences Arnalds_secured request by publisherin association with volcanic or pyroclastic materials (e.g.. Shoji et al.. 2006).33.3.3 Andisol Properties33.3.3.1 Morphological FeaturesMost Andisols have distinct morphological features. They usually have multiple sequences of horizons (Figure 33.14) resulting from the intermittent deposition of t Arnalds_secured request by publisherephras and ongoing topdown soil formation referred to as upbuilding pedogenesis (see Section 33.3.5.1). A horizons are typically dark, often overlyingArnalds_secured request by publisher
reddish brown or dark yellowish brown Bw cainbic horizons. Buried A-Bw sequences are common (Figure 33.14). Layers representing distinct tephra-fallGọi ngay
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