Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
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Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
Racial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision involving racismJamie L. Abated1, Ph.D.Sylvia p. Perry2, Ph.D.Aya Cheaito1, M. A.Vanessa Ramirez1, M. A.Author Note: The authors thank Emily Booth, Leah Cohen, Alizah Colburn, Amanda Haspel,Amara Krag, Mia Umali, and Ellen Whitton for their assistance with this project.1 Corresponding author. Depar Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisiontment of Psychological Science. University of Vermont. 246 John Dewey Hall. 2 Colchester Avenue. Burlington. Vermont 05405. United States•’ DepartmentRacial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
of Psychology. Northwestern University. 2029 Sheridan Rd.. Evanston. IL 6O2OSRacial Socialization Messages2AbstractThis study presents a detailed quaRacial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionldren about current events involving racism (e g., police brutality toward Black Americans). Two samples of White parents of adolescents ages 14-17 were recruited online in September 2019 (Study 1. jV- 123) and June 2020 (Study 2, jV= 104), respectively. Parent responses to prompts about current eve Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionnts were coded. Rates of discussion of racism-related current events in 2020 were double that of 2019: however, qualitative analysis revealed that WhiRacial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
te parents in the 2020 sample communicated fewer clear messages about race and Whiteness to their children. Messages relating to Whiteness were rare 1Racial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision Socialization Messages in White parents' Discussions of Current Events Involving RacismA small but glowing number of studies have revealed that racial discussions are rare in White families (Abated & Perry. 2021; Hagerman. 2017; Pahlke et al.. 2012; Underhill. 2018; Vittnip & Holden. 2011; Vittrup. Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision 2018; Zucker & Patterson. 2018). In recent years, however, scholars have identified an urgent need to understand how being a member of a racially domRacial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
inant group in a society comprised of systems that perpetuate White supremacy influences the development of White youth, particularly given the rise oRacial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionwhich youth learn about race and a promising avenue for racial justice research, but these discussions remain understudied (Perry et al.. 2021; Scott et al., 2020; Umaùa-Taylor & Hill. 2020). rhe current study examines how White parents report using current events involving racism (i.e.. events, rel Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionated to police Violence targeting Black Americans and White supremacy), to communicate socialization messages about racism and Whiteness to their adolRacial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
escents. Theoretical Models of Color-blind and Color-Conscious Racial IdeologyIll order to conceptualize the socialization messages that White parentsRacial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision(2000; 2013) and Bonilla-Silva (2015; 2017). In Racism Without Racists, Bonilla-Silva (2017) posits that CBRI (also referred to as color-blind racism) has a variety of types that serve to shield White people from the reality of racism in American society. Frankenberg (1993) identified two primary ty Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionpes of CBRI. which Neville et al. (2013) expanded upon: color evasion and power evasion.Color evasion de-emphasi/es racial differences and emphasizesRacial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
racial sameness. This often takes the form of preferring to view people as individuals rather than as members of racial groups or advocating against cRacial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionhe notion that they have racial privilege (Frankenberg. 1993). and is sometimes strategically employed when White people fear the appearance of racial bias (Apfelbaum et al., 200S). In contrast, power evasion involves “the denial, minimization, and/orRacial Socialization Messages4distortion" of raci Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionsm in all its forms (Neville et al., 2013. p. 458). Bonilla-Silva (2017) refers to this construct as minimization of racism. This includes denial of (Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
a) blatant interpersonal racism (e.g., viewing racism as a thing of the past), (b) institutional'structural racism (e.g.. denying that policies and prRacial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionefuting the notion that White people have unearned advantages based on their race; Neville et al., 2013). Both Neville et al. (2013) and Bonilla-Silva (2017) argue that power evasion represents a modem expression of racism that is especially insidious, as it provides White people with a framework to Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision ignore racism and maintain their own privilege and power. Racial ideologies that refute CBRI have been referred to in the literature as "color-consciRacial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
ous" or "race-conscious." For example, multiculturalism actively refutes color evasion by highlighting and celebrating racial and cultural diversity',Racial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionor evasion, is a pathway to reducing racial bias, yet ample empirical evidence demonstrates the opposite. CBRI actually reduces the likelihood of noticing and identifying racism and predicts more negative interracial interactions (for reviews, see Apfelbaum et al.. 2010; Plant et al.. 2018). Power e Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionvasion in particular is associated with higher levels of racial bias (Poteat & spanierman. 2012; Yi & Todd. 2021). In contrast, conversations in whichRacial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
adults explicitly discuss race or the history of racism with children have been linked to decreased racial bias. In one longitudinal study. White thrRacial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionup and Holden (2011) found that children whose parents mention race while viewing videos with their child show more positive attitudes toward Black people (Vittrup & Holden. 2011). and when teachers talk about the history of racism, elementary school-aged children are more likely to value racial fai Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionrness, show greater empathy toward Black people, and endorse more counter-stereotypic beliefs (Hughes et al.. 2007). Thus, weRacial Socialization MessRacial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
ages5believe it is critical to identify the degree to which White parents endorse color-blind and color-conscious socialization messages.Racial SocialRacial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionrstand and participate in society, and this transmission of information is a dynamic process in which youth are active participants (Maccoby, 2015; Smetana & Villalobos. 2015). Socialization messages represent the knowledge, beliefs, and practices that various socializers < including parents, peers, Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision schools, and media) impart to youth, either directly or indirectly. Key themes in racial socialization messages among parents of color inc hide teachRacial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
ing knowledge and pride regarding the family’s unique cultural heritage and preparing children to anticipate, understand, and respond to racism (HugulRacial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisioniety of adjustment outcomes (Wang et al.. 2020).The context of racial socialization is fundamentally different for White families compared to families of color. Whereas parents of color must prepare their children to weather both interpersonal and systemic racism. White parents and their children ar Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisione beneficiaries of systemic White privilege. As a result. White parents - many of whom were taught by adults in their own lives to avoid the topic ofRacial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
race -are much less motivated to discuss race and racism with their children. Indeed, the limited work on discussion of race and racism in White familRacial Socialization MessagesRUNNING HEAD: Racial Socialization MessagesRacial socialization messages in White parents' discussions of current events Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_RevisionThe most common reasons that White parents cite for avoiding racial discussions include shielding children from the harsh realities of racism (Pahlke et al., 2012; Abaied & Perry, 2021; Vittrup & Holden, 2011). fearing that racial discussions will actually increase children's racial prejudice (Vitrr Racial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revisionup. 2018). and reporting that their child has not asked them about it (Abaied & Perry, 2021). Together, these reasons all suggest that White parents tRacial socialization messages in White parents’ discussions of current events involving racism_Revision
end to view racial discussions as optional rather than essential.Among the minority of White parents who do report discussing race with their childrenGọi ngay
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