Subnational Leaders and Diplomacy
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Subnational Leaders and Diplomacy
Subnational Leaders and Diplomacy
Subnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacycy and intemarional relations. This—obsefvarton—concerns—a—stare of affairs—which—that—is—not nec-essarily-ebvtous Of givem-Fifst, by definition, subnatfonal-gevenHnents-HSually conduct Sitbnational activities and address problems which thuLaffeci their constituencies. Second, in many countries subn Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyational governments undertake such an agenda without an actual legal framewofk-autherizmg-SHeh-hHtidtivesT-Hewevefrwrth-on-HKeHsiiied-global-iHterdepeSubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
ndeney; policy areas sueh as environmental protection, human rigltfSr immigration, and trade, just to name—a—few, require—action both at the -mternatiSubnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyyitis-possible-todeterminevariousformsofinternational relations conducted—by—subnet tonal—leaders.—This activity—involves direct—interact tons undertaken by subnational leaders and bureaucrats with other actors across borders (private, non-governmental, and governmental—national or subnational), par Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyticipation in transnational networks,—andfof—partieipatten—tn—intemattonal—pojicymukingpol icy-maktng:—Because subnational governments arc closer to tSubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
he people and can test experimental or ground-brcakinggroHHdbreaking policies with less risk, oftentimes they can become pioneers of measures-whieh-thSubnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacythe-dtplomatie arena; whereby subtiatiunaTgovetnmetHS-moveacross jurisdictional levels, breaking the-f hied-scales in whiclHhey would traditionally operate.govemments-have-dedteated-great effort-to-ttndersfandtng-fhe-mofivattons-fowegiens-to-gotmpltc-ations aro_of subnational governments’- engagemen Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyt tn international relations are.Subnational diplomacy has become an increasingly important pan QÍ foreign policy and international relations. IncreasSubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
ing international interdependencies have necessitated that action on policy areas such as_envjronmental protection. human rights, immigration, and ưadSubnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyractions between subnational leaders with other actors outside the subnauonal realm and across spheres (private. non-governmental. and governmental—national or subnational), participation in transnational networks, and/or participation in international policymaking. Subnational governments operate c Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyloser to the people and can take more risks experimenting with new measures. As such they often break ground on new policies ideas .before they are roSubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
lled out or replicated elsewhere. Such policyleadership is just one element of subnational engagement in the diplomatic arena whereby subnational goveSubnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyovernments for undertaking these_roles_has_b.e.erLthe subject of past studies, little insight has been sought on what the implications are of subnational government involvement in international relations.Keywords^Subnationalsubnational. diplomacy, paradiplomacy, leadershIntroductionSince the beginni Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyng of the 21st centuryâ the nation-state-dominated arena of diplomacy has become increasingly populated by subnational leaders and the coalitions andSubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
networks that they form. This observation concerns a state of affairs whieh-that is not necessarily obvious or given. First, by definition, subnationaSubnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyl governments undertake an international agenda without an actual legal framework authorizing such initiatives. However, with an intensified global interdependency, policy areas such as environmental protection, human rights, immigration, and trade require action both at the international and tcrrit Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyoiiũlised territorialized level sieve}. As a result, subnational leaders and bureaucrats establish direct interactions with other actors (private, nonSubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
-governmental, and governmental—national or subnational) across borders. They also participate in international policymakingpolicy-moking and form andSubnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacygroundbreaking policies with less risk, oftentimes they can become pioneers of measures wbieh-that can be rolled out or replicated elsewhere in the international domain. Such policy leadership is just one element of subnational engagement in the diplomatic agenda, whereby subnational governments mov Subnational Leaders and Diplomacye across jurisdictional levels, breaking the fixed scales in which they would traditionally operate.The trend toward subnational diplomacy appears incSubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
reasingly inevitable. In global climate governance, subnational leaders have built significant coalitions in support of the Paris Agreement goals (LefSubnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyubnational leaders leveraging successes achieved at the local level to capture new audiences and markets, and; in turn? the backing of international success circles, baektftg-to provide the resources and opportunities to support development at the local level (GMF, 2015). The Assembly of European Re Subnational Leaders and DiplomacygionsjfAER} is the largest independent network of regions in wider Europe and is a forum for interregional cooperation (AER, 2018).As a field of studySubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
, international relations (IR) and governance studies describe subnational governments’ international agenda as an instance of “subnational diplomacy,Subnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacype of actor and type of phenomena under consideration. The terms “paradiplomacy,” “subnational diplomacy,” and “sub-statcsubstate diplomacy" have been used to consider the external relations of subnational governments— that is, states, regions, and provinces (Cornago, 2010a; Kuznetsov, 2015; Nganje, Subnational Leaders and Diplomacy 2016; Royles, 2017; Tavares, 2016). For the external relations of local governments—that is, cities —the most appropriate term is “city diplomacy” (ASubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
cuto, 2013, 2016; Leffel, 2018a). This is an important distinction as local and regional governments have different capacities-_and competences as welSubnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacymacy (Dickson, 2014). In this review the case of those diplomatic practices that are deployed by regional governments are considered, leaving the case of “city diplomacy” outside its scope. Although we acknowledge and point out some of the differences and reasons for preferences between the terms “s Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyubnational diplomacy,” “paradiplomacy,” and “substatesub-state diplomacy,” we use the terms interchangeably tmefc-beaugebly-along the text.This articlSubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
e provides an analytical review of the scholarly literature on subnational diplomacy. The first part of the article defines the key terms related to sSubnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyctivity performed by subnational leaders and governments is analysed—analyzed within the context of two theoretical lenses: transnationalism and paradiplomacy. These approaches attach different analytical and normative significance to subnational diplomacy. The review suggests two directions for fut Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyure research on subnational diplomacy. First, there is scope to further develop its theoretical basis, providing a deeper understanding of the achieveSubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
ments and limitations of subnational governments’ international agenda. Second, future research should continue exploring the implications of the inteSubnational Leaders and DiplomacyJoana Setzer and Karen AndertonSummarSttbnational diplomacy has become an increasmgly important part of foreign polic Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyalyses- analyzes the phenomenon of subnational diplomacy, which consists of I subnational governments? acting transnational!)'? to address matters that have been traditionally defined as foreign policy/relations. For subnational diplomacy to occur, it has to meet three criteria. First, the main acto Subnational Leaders and Diplomacyrs involved have to be governmental, from a level below the nation-state (“subnational governments”). Second, their action—horizontal and vertical—hasSubnational Leaders and Diplomacy
to occur across jurisdictional boundaries (“acting transnational^'”). Third, subnational governments’ action across boundaries has to be directed atGọi ngay
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