THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
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THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
Sussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffinhe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddie. Historical Journal. 58 (2). pp. 443-480. ISSN 0018-246XThis version Is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprinV53473/This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies a THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffinnd may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s versiTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
on. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version.Copyright and reuse:Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the Sussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffinother copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for perso THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffinnal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliograTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
phic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.■http :.//srQ, 5U Sussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin, 58, 2 (2015)CARL J. GRIFFIN Unit entry of SussexABSTRACT: Beyond the repression of the national waves offood rioting during the subsistence crises of the 1790s, workers in the English countryside lost the n il! and ability to collectively mobilise. Or so the historical orthodoxy goes. Such a conce THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffinptualisation necessarily positions the Bread or Blood riots of 1816. the Siring rising of 18JO. and. in particular. the agrarian trade unionism practiTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
sed at Toỉpnddk in 1SJ4 as exceptional events. This paper offers a departure by placing Tolpnddle into its wider regional context. The unionists at ToSussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffinllective action and unionism practiced throughout the English nest. In so doing, it pays particular attention to the forms of collective action - and judicial responses - that extended between different locales and communities and which joinedfarmworkers, artisans and industrial workers together. So THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin conceived, Toỉpitddỉe nos not an exception. Rather, it can be more usefully understood as a manifestation of deeply entrenched cultures, an episode tTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
hat assumes its historical potency because of its subsequent politicised representations.Beyond the machine breaking of the Luddites in 1811-13, arguaSussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffinly 1834 of six agricultural labourers from the Dorset parish of Tolpuddle on the charge of having issued illegal oaths.1 ‘For many years’, as Joint Archer put it. ‘it was believed that, with the exception of Swing and Tolpuddle, there were few rural events worth investigating’.2 But, as is tire rece THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffinived understanding, it was not the act of oath taking per se that was so objectionable to the Dorset authorities, and to the arresting magistrate JameTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
s Frampton in particular Rather, it was the attempt by agricultural workers to organise themselves into a trade union (aka the 'Friendly Society of AgSussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffindeterrent to others?THE CULTURE OF COMBINATIONThis was. so the narrative goes, an exceptional event. Indeed, everything about the arrest and trial of the Tolpuddle men and the subsequent mythologisation has constructed tile creation of tile union and the judicial response as without parallel. First, THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin through squire Frampton’s framing of the ‘offence’ leading to the seemingly severe sentence of transportation (this being the sentence stipulated inTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
the Act deployed in then prosecution).4 Second. Robert Owen’s nascent Grand National Consolidated Trades Union instantly and opportunistically placed Sussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin procession to Whitehall from London’ Copenhagen Fields on 21 April 1834. Tlnid, after the Tolpuddle men’s eventual return from transportation (James Hammett being the last to return in August 1S39) their case fell out of popular consciousness. A brief revival by Joseph Arch’s National Agricultural THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_GriffinLabourers’ Union in the 1870s was as nothing compared to the extraordinary efforts of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) to mark the centenary of the triTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
al in 1934. The various rallies, publications, speeches and the symbolic construction of six cottages in Tolpuddle to accommodate rebred agricultural Sussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffiny retold narrative, allowed tht story to be told (and retold) in countless ‘new’ social liistories in the mid twentieth century. This process has continued into the early twenty-first century through the speechmaking and commemorative practices of the TUC, leftist politicians and even the Bishop of THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_GriffinLondon at Baroness Thatcher's funeral.0 Such was. and is. the making of tins totemic moment of British social, rural and labour history.The intellectuTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
al, and thus historiographical. ramifications of tilts mythologization are several. It follows that in both labour histories and liistones of rural EnSussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffincape in winch ‘overt’, collective acts »tn also exceptional. So the orthodoxy goes, food rioting, that archetypal collective protest of the eighteenth century, essentially ceased in the l~90s. Beyond drat point, rural workers instead turned to the tools of terror (incendiarism, the maiming ofTHE CUL THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_GriffinTURE OF COMBINATIONanimals, tiers and plants and the sending of anonymous threatening letters) latliei than asking being seen openly protesting. In thTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
is thesis, rhe ‘Bread or Blood' riots of 1816, rhe East Anglian protests of 1822, Swing in 1830-1, and the and-New Pool Law protests of 1834-6 logelheSussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffinondition of w oik and worklessness were accepted as tile major driver of discontent in the countryside, then, as Roger Wells pul it, ‘(we) must not allow major outbreaks of protest to cloud the view that day to day employment was the major ‘issue’ on which 'levels of wages and public assistance turn THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffined’.9If such a leading came from a broader attempt to move the study of rural protest beyond the hegemonic sranis of rhe ‘rior'/disorder, it necessariTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
ly rests on a set of hitherto untested assumptions. First, diat rural workers had forgotten the arts of organisation and collective action. Second, thSussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin workers. The purpose of tliis paper is to challenge these assumptions. It examines die ways in which rural workers acted collectively in die period between the end of the Napoleonic W ar? and Tolpuddle. the post-war agrarian depression providing the economic and social context for the events of 183 THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin4. It pays particular attention to the period between Swing and Tolpuddle, a period of critical importance given that received accounts of Swing suggeTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
st dial, to paraphrase Hobsbawm and Rude, the brutal suppression oi die protests destroyed what will there was amongst rural workers to resist.10In soSussex Research OnlineThe culture of combination: solidarities and collective action before tolpuddleArticle (Accepted Version)Griffin, Carl (2015) Th THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffinted the principles and techniques of trade unionism before 1834. Bur such acts of‘agrarian unionism'were principally during earlier grain Clises when moie-lhan-parochial attempts al agrarian unionism occurred in Beiksliile and Essex. Beyond 1834, Wells has also shown that agricultural workers again THE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffinturned to unionism in 1835 and 1836 as part of broade r anti New Poor Law resistance. Bur these pre and post Tolpuddle attempts weie located in the prTHE_CULTURE_OF_COMBINATION-_SOLIDARITIES_AND_COLLECTIVE_ACTION_BEFORE_TOLPUDDLE_-_Historical_Journal_-_Carl_Griffin
incipal coinlands of eastern England, not the heaths of south Dorset.’5 By wayTHE CULTURE OF COMBINATIONof contrast, tins paper places the acts of uniGọi ngay
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