The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chess
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The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chess
Talent and Practice1The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in ChessFernand Gobet and Guillermo CampitelliCentre for the Stu The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chessudy of Expertise Centre for Cognition and NeuroimagingBrunel UniversityAddress correspondence toFernand GobetCentre for Cognition and Neuroimaging Brunel UniversityUxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH United Kingdom Phone: +44(1895) 265484Fax: +44(1895)237573fernand.gobet@brunel.ac.ukAuthors’ noteWe thank N The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chesseil Charness, Philippe Chassy, Merim Bilalic, and anonymous referees for comments on this paper.Running head: Talent and PracticeTalent and Practice2AThe Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chess
bstractThe respective roles of the environment and innate talent have been a recurrent question for research into expertise. This paper investigates mTalent and Practice1The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in ChessFernand Gobet and Guillermo CampitelliCentre for the Stu The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chessom weak amateurs to grandmasters, filled in a questionnaire measuring variables including individual and group practice, starting age, and handedness. The study reaffirms the importance of practice for reaching high levels of performance, but also indicates a large variability, the slower player nee The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chessding eight times more practice to reach master level than the faster.Additional results show a correlation between skill and starling age, and indicatThe Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chess
e that players are more likely to be mixed-handed than individuals in the general population; however, there was no correlation between handedness andTalent and Practice1The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in ChessFernand Gobet and Guillermo CampitelliCentre for the Stu The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chesstise, that some additional factors may differentiate between chessplayers and non-chessplayers, and that the starting age of practice is important.Keywordschess, critical period, domain-specific practice, expertise, handedness, talentTalent and Practice3The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedne The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chessss and Starting Age in ChessSeveral theories of expertise have been developed to explain the differences in performance between experts and non-expertThe Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chess
s in domains such as music, mathematics, games and sports. One strand of research has tried to find out whether expertise is due mainly to domain-specTalent and Practice1The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in ChessFernand Gobet and Guillermo CampitelliCentre for the Stu The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in ChessHayes, 1996) or to some talent underpinned by genetic factors (Fein & Obler, 1988; Schneiderman & Desmarais, 1988; Winner, 1996). Another strand has aimed to explain cognitive processes underlying expert performance and its acquisition (Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995; Gobet & Simon, 1996a; Simon & Chase, The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chess1973).This article focuses on the talent vs. practice question, the philosophical roots of which go back to the nature vs. nurture debate. As can be sThe Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chess
een in a recent target article in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (Howe et al.. 1998) and in the commentaries following it, there is currently insufficiTalent and Practice1The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in ChessFernand Gobet and Guillermo CampitelliCentre for the Stu The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chessntmihalyi, 1998), we wish to present empirical data to show that this debate is based on a false opposition, and that both talent and practice have an important role in the acquisition of expert performance.We first outline the “innate talent vs. practice” debate generally, and the hypothesis of a c The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chessritical period for the development of expertise. We then focus on the relevance of these topics to chess expertise. When presenting the innate-talentThe Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chess
position, we discuss Cranberg and Albert’s (1988) hypothesis, based on Geschwind and Galaburda’s theory (1985), that non-righthanders should be more rTalent and Practice1The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in ChessFernand Gobet and Guillermo CampitelliCentre for the Stu The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chesseme emphasizing the primary role of learning from the environment, we summarize Ericsson et aL’s (1993) framework of deliberate practice, which proposes that the amount of deliberate practice is the key to top-level performance. We also discuss hypotheses based on the presence of a critical period i The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chessn the development of expertise. Following this, we test hypotheses derived from these three approaches with data based on a questionnaire given to ArgThe Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chess
entinian chessplayers of varying skill levels, and we draw the implications of these data for theory'.The “Innate Talent vs. Practice*’ DebateAs documTalent and Practice1The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in ChessFernand Gobet and Guillermo CampitelliCentre for the Stu The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chessof expertise. The debate arises when researchers try to explain the source of these individual differences: some authors, continuing the tradition initiated by Gallon (1869/1979), propose that innate talent accounts for most individual differences, while others argue that these differences are bette The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chessr explained with the extended period of intense practice that most experts have to go through. Support for innate talent theories is offered by the stThe Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chess
udy of precocious attainments such as those of Mozart (music), Ramanujan Srinivasa (mathematics), and more recently, Bobby Fischer (chess). Several stTalent and Practice1The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in ChessFernand Gobet and Guillermo CampitelliCentre for the Stu The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chessbut see Grigorenko, 2000, for critiques of this line of research). Candidate mechanisms for explaining general intelligence include speed of processing, velocity of the nervous system, and reaction time, among others (Mackintosh, 1998). Since these abilities (paradoxically, not cognitive) are very b The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in Chessasic, it is thought that they are genetically determined and not modifiable with practice.Talent and PracticeTalent and Practice1The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in ChessFernand Gobet and Guillermo CampitelliCentre for the StuTalent and Practice1The Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness and Starting Age in ChessFernand Gobet and Guillermo CampitelliCentre for the StuGọi ngay
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