Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revue
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Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revue
Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity D'Stnb.l <2011) 17. 788-809A Jo ur nal of Co ns erv ati on Bi og eo gra ph yBIODIVERSITY Trees and shrubs as i Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revueinvasive REVIEW a|jen species _ a global reviewDavid M. Richardson1* and Marcel Rejmanek’Centre fcr Invasion Ecology. Department of Botany and Zoology, Stelenbosch University. Maõelánd 7602. South Africa.' Department of Ecdcgy and Evo utcn. University of Caiforia Davis Daws, CA95616, USAABSTRACTAim Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revueWoudy plants were not widely considered lo be important invasive alien species until fairly recently. Thousands of species of trees and shrubs Iktve,Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revue
however, been moved around the world. Many species have spread from planting sites, and some are now among the most widespread and damaging ot invasivDiversity and Distributions, (Diversity D'Stnb.l <2011) 17. 788-809A Jo ur nal of Co ns erv ati on Bi og eo gra ph yBIODIVERSITY Trees and shrubs as i Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revuespersal, reasons for introductions and key issues regarding invasions of nun-native woody plants around the world.Location Global.Dive rsit y andDi stri bu tio•Curteipocideiice: Đavid M. Richardson, Cenue ÍOI Invasion Biology. Department o£ Bnrany A Zoology, Srcllfnhotch University, Maneland 7602, S Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revueouth Africa.Email rkbỗ’sjr.ac.rạMethods An exhaustive survey was made of regional and national databases and the literature. Correspondence with botanTrees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revue
ists and ecologists and our own observations in many parts of lite world expanded lire list. Presence of invasive species was determined for each of 1Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity D'Stnb.l <2011) 17. 788-809A Jo ur nal of Co ns erv ati on Bi og eo gra ph yBIODIVERSITY Trees and shrubs as i Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revueies (357 trees, 265 shrubs in 2*) plant orders, 78 families, 286 genera). Regions with die largest number of woody invasive alien species arc: Australia (183): southern Africa (170): .\urtli America (Ito); Pacific Islands (147); and New Zealand (107). Species introduced for horticulture dominated rh Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revuee list (62% of species: 196 trees and 187 shmhs). The next most important reasons tor introduction and dissemination were forestry (13%), food (10%) aTrees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revue
nd agrotoiesri-y (7%). Three hundred and twenty-three species (52%) are currently known to be invasive in only OIK" region, and another 126 (20%) occuDiversity and Distributions, (Diversity D'Stnb.l <2011) 17. 788-809A Jo ur nal of Co ns erv ati on Bi og eo gra ph yBIODIVERSITY Trees and shrubs as i Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revuenvasive slirub species are hird dispersed.Main conclusions Only between 0.5% and 0.7% of rhe world’s nee and shnrh species are cnnently invasive outside their nantral range, hut woody plant invasions are rapidly increasing in importance around die world. Ihc- objectively compiled list of invasive sp Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revueecies presented here provides a snapshot of the current dimensions of the phenomenon and will be useful for screening new introductions for invasive pTrees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revue
otential.KeywordsBiological invasions, dispersal modes, invasive species, management, natural experiment, reasons for introduction, shrub invasions, tDiversity and Distributions, (Diversity D'Stnb.l <2011) 17. 788-809A Jo ur nal of Co ns erv ati on Bi og eo gra ph yBIODIVERSITY Trees and shrubs as i Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revuenot widely recognized as invasive species of major importance until fairly recently (Holm 61 al.. 1977;Akobundu & Agyakwa. 1987. Holm et al.. 1997; Osada. 1997; Raju, 1998. Everin et al.. 2007). In the past few centuries, humans have moved thousands of woody plant species out of their natural ranges Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revue for many purposes, and in recent decades.DOI 10 1111/j 1472-4642 2011 00782 X httPi//wll»yofillntllbfiry.ttm/jwrntl/ddl7882011 Blackwell Publishing LTrees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revue
tdGlobal rev shrubsmany species of trees and shrubs have become naturalized or invasive (Binggeli. 1996: Binggell et al.. 1998;Richardson, 1998; RichaDiversity and Distributions, (Diversity D'Stnb.l <2011) 17. 788-809A Jo ur nal of Co ns erv ati on Bi og eo gra ph yBIODIVERSITY Trees and shrubs as i Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revuelists of invasive alien plants, and in some arras, noilnative woody species are now .liming die IIIIISI conspicuous, damaging anil, ill some cases, best-studied invasive species. Twenty-one wtxxly plant species feature on the widely cited list of ‘100 of the Worlds Worst Invaders’ (Lowe et al.. 2000 Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revuek seven woody plants appear on a list of ‘1011 of (he worst* invasive species in Europe (http: www.eiironr-aaeus.oig speij&s The Worst. I In), and 20%Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revue
of the most intensively studied invasive species are woodyplants(Pys’ek et al.. 2008). Studies of woodyplantinvasionshaveshed light on many crucial aDiversity and Distributions, (Diversity D'Stnb.l <2011) 17. 788-809A Jo ur nal of Co ns erv ati on Bi og eo gra ph yBIODIVERSITY Trees and shrubs as i Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revueamics with llxise of natural migrations of trees following deglaciation, has elucidated many key aspects of biologii al invasions (Petit êt al., 21)1)4). Pinus. with many spec ies lli.il have been widely planted in many parts of the world, some of which have become invasive, hasliven Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species_a global revueDiversity and Distributions, (Diversity D'Stnb.l <2011) 17. 788-809A Jo ur nal of Co ns erv ati on Bi og eo gra ph yBIODIVERSITY Trees and shrubs as iGọi ngay
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