unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
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unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
Introspection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007 IntrospectionConstantine SedikidesUniversity of SouthamptonRobert s. HoltonWabash CollegeAiden p Gregg University of SouthamptonIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 2AbstractSelf-enhancement IS linked to psychological gams (e.g.. subjective well-being, persistence in adversity), but also to intrapers unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007onal and interpersonal costs (e.g.. excessive risk-taking, antisocial behavior). Thus, constraints on self-enhancement may sometimes afford intrapersounpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
nal and interpersonal advantages. We tested whether explanatory introspection (i.e., generating reasons for why one might or might not possess personaIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007d that the underlying mechanism must (a) involve explanatory questioning rather than descriptive imagining, (b) invoke the self rather than another person, and (c) feature written expression rather than unaided contemplation. Finally, Experiment 3 obtained evidence that an increase in uncertainty ab unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007out oneself mediates the effectIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 3The Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-enhancement with Explanatory IntrospectionMostunpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
people, most of the tune, see themselves through rose-colored glasses. Whether rating themselves as above-average on personality traits and abilitiesIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007 for flattering autobiographical episodes (Sanitioso. Kunda. & Fong. 1990) or engaging in social comparisons that validate a positive self-view (Diuuimg. 1999)—whether attributing their successes internally and their failures externally (Mezulis. Abramson. Hyde. & Hankin. 2004) or thinking that thei unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007r own future will surpass that of their peers (Weinstein. 1980)—people by and large evaluate themselves more favorably either tlian the objective factunpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
s warrant (Gosling. John. Craik. & Robins. 1998) or than external observers think justified (Epley & Dunning. 2000). Tellingly, people even believe thIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007cke, Vredenbiug, Hiatt. & Govonui. 2001). Moreover, egocentric biases like the better-tlian-average effect are pervasive existing not only in (selfpromoting) individualistic cultures, but also in (self-deprecating) collectivistic cultures (Sedikides. Gaertner, & Toguchi. 2003).All such phenomena can unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007 be viewed as forms of self-enhancement Although perhaps irrational in the normative sense—half of us being forever doomed to be below average1—selfenunpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
hancement is nonetheless linked to substantial benefits. These include good psychological health (Taylor. Lerner. Sherman. Sage. & McDowell. 2003). beIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007ersity (Taylor & Brown. 1988). and good social adjustment (Donnellan, Trzesmewski. Robins. Moffitt, & Caspi. 2005).However, self-enhancement is also linked to several substantial costs. Intrapersonal costs include imprudent risk-taking (Baumeister. Heatherton. & Tice. 1993). ineffective action plann unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007ing (Oettingen & Gollwitzer. 2001). and an increased likelihood of disengaging fromIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 4academic studies (Robins & BeerunpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
, 2001) Interpersonal costs involve being perceived negatively and treated unpleasantly by others. For example, after a brief period of infatuation, pIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007ate them interpersonal!}' (Schlenker & Leary. 1982). hl addition, concerns about promoting or protecting a favorable public self-image can prompt actions that lead to illness, injury, and death Notoriously, people from temperate climes often sunbathe for horns to look and feel good among then peers, unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007 thereby raising their risk of sunstroke, sunburn, and skin cancer (Leary. Tchividjian. Ẳ Kraxberger. 1994).In view of these inauspicious correlates,unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
it is perhaps salutary that self-enhancement, although pervasive. IS not inevitable: It varies naturally and can be strategically manipulated. For exaIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007 or that they believe they can modify (Dauenheimer. Stahlberg. spreeman. & Sedikides. 2002). In addition, several interpersonal factors are also known to constrain self-enhancement. These include the similarity of the compar ison other to the self (Stapel & Schwinghammer. 2004). the concreteness of unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007the comparison other (Alicke, Klotz, Breitenbecher. Yurak, & Vredenburg. 1995), concerns about preserving close relationships (Tice. Butler. Muraven.unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
& Stillwell. 1995). and social pressures to be accountable (Sedikides. Herbst, Hardin. Ẳ Dardis. 2002) However, given rhe problems that self-enhancemeIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007 factor: introspection.Varieties of IntrospectionThe human ability to introspect has long fascinated philosophers. Descartes (see Cottingham. Stoothoff. & Murdoch, 1984) regarded reflexive thought as proof of an indubitable self. Introspection has also captivated the attention of psychologists, from unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007 the early structuralists (Titchener. 1912. Wundt, 1894) to modern-day experimental social psychologists (Hirt & Markman. 1995: Hixon & Swann. 1993: WunpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
ilson. Drum. Kraft, & Lisle. 1989). Importantly, introspection is considered a uniquely human capacity (Sedikides & Skowronski. 1997. 2000:IntrospectiIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007 2000: Maio & Olson. 1998: Wilson & Dunn, 2004).Conceptual DistinctionsIntrospection is the process of looking inward. thinking “about [one's] thoughts and feelings" (Wilson et al.. 1993. p. 33). or about oneself as a whole. However. introspection is not a unitary construct. Indeed, it can be concep unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007tualized in at least two distinct ways.One type of introspection constitutes what we term descriptive introspection. This denotes the act of contemplaunpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
ting what one's personality is like When introspecting descriptively, people ask themselves questions like “Do I have (or not have) traits X and Y?“ oIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007other type of introspection constitutes what we term explanatory introspection. This denotes the act of contemplating why one does or does not think of oneself in a particular way. When introspecting explanatorily, people ask themselves questions like "Wiry might I have (or not liave) traits X and Y unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007?” or "What are the reasons for my having (or not having) traits X and Y?” People then generate reasons that explain why they either possess or lack punpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
articular traits to some degree or other.Descriptive and Explanatory Introspection: d Review of the LiteratureDescriptive and explanatory introspectioIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007 (1978) investigated the consequences of thinking about an attitude object for which a well-developed knowledge base exists. Intensive thinking led to the formation of an evahiatively-consistent belief set. which in turn polarized attitudinal judgments. That is. intensive thinking produced "more uni unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007valent, less ambivalent" attinides (p. 295). Second. Hixon and Swaim (1993: Experiment 3) had participants peruse particular dimensions of personalityunpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
. In particular, undergraduates with low self-esteem pondered the question “What kind of person are you 111 terms of sociability, likeability, and intIntrospection and Self-Enhancement 1Running Head: INTROSPECTION AND SELF-ENHANCEMENTThe Why’s the Limit: Curtailing Self-Enhancement with Explanatory unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007ction and Self-Enhancement 6them Consistent with their pie-existing negative self-view, the undergraduates endorsed the critical evaluation over the flattering one.The two lines of inquiry have common elements. First, in terms of procedure, participants either reviewed a stoied body of knowledge, or unpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007 answered a “what” question. Both activities are clearly reminiscent of descriptive introspection. Second, in terms of outcome, participants either counpubSedikides_Horton_Gregg_2007
nsolidated an attitude or confirmed a self-view. Either way. a previously held belief was strengthened. The conjunction of these facts suggests that dGọi ngay
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