West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
Running head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintamuel J. West1’. Emily N. Lasko1. Calvin J. Hall2. Nayaab G. Khan2. David s. Chester2 : Department of Surgery. Virginia Commonwealth University. USA department of Psychology. Virginia Commonwealth University. USAỈÌÌ press at Motivation ScienceWord C ount: 10.305Abstract Word Count: 179♦Correspondenc West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprinte should be addressed to:Samuel J. WestDepartment of SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA 23284, USA1-804-828-6691westsj3@vcu.eduOpen SWest, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
cience Statement: Our preregistered hypotheses and study protocol(s) are publicly available (https://osf.io 46pg7. wiki.). along with all de-identifieRunning head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintarding behavior. Decisions about rewarding behaviors often involve an intertemporal bias, such that people prefer immediate rewards and discount delayed rewards. We integrated these literatures to test whether the delay discounting framework could be applied to retaliatory aggression. Across six stu West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintdies (total ,v= 1,508). participants repeatedly chose between immediate-but-lesser or delayed-but-greater retaliation. As with other rewards (e.g.. moWest, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
ney), participants preferred immediate-but-lesser retaliation, discounting the value of delayed-but-greater revenge. Rates of aggression discounting wRunning head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintarticipants to wait longer to inflict greater harm. Participants with greater antagonistic traits (e.g.. physical sadism), displayed stronger preferences for delayed-but-greater vengeance. These findings suggest that some dispositionally aggressive individuals may delay retaliation in sen ice of gre West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintater future revenge. Our results bolster the important role of reward in retaliatory aggression and suggest that an intertemporal framework is likelyWest, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
a fruitful area of investigation for antisocial behavior. We discuss the implications of our findings in relation to contemporary theories of aggressiRunning head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint AGGRESSION3IntroductionRetaliatory aggression, more commonly known as revenge or vengeance1, refers to any attempt lo intentionally harm a perceived source of provocation (Bushman. Baumcistcr. & Phillips. 2001). Much research has focused on the proximate and ultimate forces that shape retaliatory a West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintggression (Anderson & Bushman. 2002; McCullough. Kurzban, & labak. 2013). Yet this literature has largely neglected an important aspect of revenge-seeWest, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
king the timeframe in which retaliatory aggression is exacted, hl what follows, we drew from the established literature on delay discounting to develoRunning head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprinties, alongside the situational and dispositional forces that influence them.Intertemporal ChoiceIntertemporal choice broadly refers to decisions that are made between different options that occur over varying timeframes (Green & Myerson, 2004). The context most frequently examined in this literature West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint is that of potential rewards (e.g.. money; Green. Fry. & Myerson. 1994). This literature has revealed some peculiar human decision-making tendencies.West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
For instance, people often prefer immediate-but-lesser rewards (e.g.. SI now) over delayed-but-greater rewards (c.g.. $5 ill one week). This preferenRunning head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint reward as it becomes more distant in lime (Green ỎC Mycrson. 2004). Delay discounting is an ingrained aspect of our evolved psychology, as it has been demonstrated in both humans and non-huraan mammals (c.g.. Peck & Byme. 2019). is instantiated in evolutionarily-conserved neural circuitry (Frost & West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 PreprintMcNaughton. 2017), and is genetically-hcrilable (Anokhin. Grant. Mulligan. & Heath. 2015). Such intertemporal preferences are consequential, as they aWest, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
re implicated in a host of costly human tendencies. Such preferences for • The current work uses the terms retaliatory' aggression, revenge, retaliatiRunning head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintiors (e.g., Kirby. Petry. & Bickel. 1999). poor academic performance (Kirby. Winston. & Santiesteban. 2005) and greater externalizing psychopathology (e.g., attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: Barkley. Edwards. Laneri. Fletcher. & Metevia. 2001). Across these domains, intertemporal choice West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintpreferences are costly at a grand scale.Delay Discounting and AggressionOne form of externalizing behavior that is particularly relevant to this invesWest, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
tigation is aggression. Individuals* proclivity for aggressive acts is linked to preferences for immediate rewards (e.g.. Koepfler. Brewster. Stoloff.Running head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprinty discounting are also positively associated with aggressive behavior in police officers (Koepfier et al.. 2012), parolees (Cherek. Moeller. Douglterty. & Rhoades. 1997). and participants with borderline personality disorder (Dougherty'. Bjork. Huckabee. Moeller. & Swann. 1999). Yet why would such a West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint preference for immediate rewards impact aggression?Aggression as a Rewarding BehaviorAlthough aggression is often characterized as arising from aversWest, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
ive states such as pain and frustration, a glowing body of literature indicates that aggressive acts themselves are rewarding (i.e., the revenge-as-reRunning head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint activity in brain regions associated with the subjective experience of reward (e.g.. nucleus accumbens; Chester & De Wall, 2016; Chester. Lynam. Milich, & DeWall. 2018). Aggression is also linked to altered brain structures that regulate the experience of reward (e.g.. ventromedial prefrontal corte West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintx; Chester. Lynam, Milich. & DeWall. 2017). Evolutionary' accounts of revenge indicateDELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION5that transgressions evoke an emoWest, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
tional need to obtain revenge, and that such needs can be observed among humans, bonobos, and chimpanzees alike (Boehm. 2011). In laboratory settings,Running head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintstice (Bushman. 2002: Bushman et al.. 2001; Chester & De Wall, 2017; Gollwitzer & Bushman, 2012). Further, a growing body of literature examining appetitive aggression indicates that the intrinsic enjoyment of violence is a crucial factor in more severe forms of violence (e.g.. Elbert. Schauer. & Mo West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintran. 2018). Taken together, there is a diverse array of evidence that the rewarding nature of aggression drives people to retaliate. Yet little psychoWest, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
logical literature has examined the intertemporal dynamics of retaliation.Given that retaliatory aggression is a rewarding behavior, it is appropriateRunning head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintare temporally discounted similarly to material rewards (e.g., money; Green et al.. 1994). A preliminary study towards this goal asked individuals to choose between hurting a provocative opponent a relatively small amount "now” or a larger amount "an hour later” (Chester et al.. 2019a). This study p West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintrovided evidence that people do engage in the delay discounting of aggression and that delayed-but-greater aggression choices are linked with greaterWest, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprint
activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex as is observed with the selection of delayed-but-greater monetary rewards (Chester et al.. 2019a; FrostRunning head: DELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION1Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory' AggressionSa West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 Preprintlayed revenge, and that an intertemporal choice framework is a viable new frontier for the study of aggression. A logical next step in this line of inquiry is to examine how such preferences may differ following interpersonalDELAY DISCOUNTING OF AGGRESSION6 West, Lasko, Hall, Khan, & Chester, 2021 PreprintGọi ngay
Chat zalo
Facebook