Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
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Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
What have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts review.Short title: Systematic review of birth cohort studiesLucy Thompson1'2, Jeremy Kemp1, Philip Wilson1, Rachel Pritchett1 Helen Minnis1'2, Louise Toms-Whittle5, Christine Puckering1'2, James Law4, Christopher Gillberg1'2division of Community Based Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of G Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettslasgow, UK; ^Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, UK;’Faculty of Dentistry & Medicine, University of Bristol,Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
UK; Centre for Integrated Healthcare Research, Queen Margaret University Edinburgh, UK.No conflicts of interest.1AbstractBackground: Increased undersWhat have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettsible stage. Prospective birth cohorts can elucidate the association of genes, environment and their interactions with neurobehavioural development.Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the birth cohort literature. On the basis of internet searches and 6.248 peer-reviewed references, 105 longi Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettstudinal epidemiological studies were identified. Twenty studies met inclusion criteria (prospectively recruited, population-based cohort studies incluWind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
ding at least one assessment before the end of the perinatal period and at least one assessment of behaviour, temperament.'personality, neuropsychiatrWhat have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettsects of behaviour and neurodevelopment, observations in the early months and years were rare. Furthermore, aspects of sampling method, sample size, data collection, design and breadth and depth of measurement in some studies made research questions about neurodevelopment difficult to answer. Existin Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettsg birth cohort studies have yielded limited information on how pre- and perinatal factors and early neurodevelopment relate to child psychopathology.CWind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
onclusions: Further epidemiological research is required with a specific focus on early neurodevelopment. Studies are needed which include measures ofWhat have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, MassachusettsatalAbbreviations: ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASC: Autism Spectrum Conditions; CD: Conduct Disorder; ODD: Oppositional Defiant Disorder2https://khothuvien.cori!IntroductionA sound understanding of normal and abnormal behavioural and neurological development in the early years of Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts life is necessary before we can prevent, identify and treat early onset neurodevelopmental and mental health problems. We lack a detailed knowledge oWind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
f the aetiology, risk factors, correlates, onset, early symptoms, course and prevalence of child psychiatric conditions including conduct disorder (CDWhat have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettshyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Stefanotis & Baron, 2007) schizophrenia (Read, van Os, Morrison. & Ross, 2005) and autism spectrum conditions (ASC) (Rapin & Tuchman, 2008). Some of these conditions will be discussed in more detail to provide specific examples of the issues that need to be addressed. Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, MassachusettsODD and CD, although not strictly neurodevelopmental disorders, are both very strongly comorbid with ADHD. Many studies that have reported outcomes inWind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
terms of ODD and CD have not included data on how many of the cases included actually did have comorbid ADHD. Therefore, in order to cover ADHD as thWhat have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, MassachusettsCD provides a useful example of the gaps in our knowledge of risk factors of neurodevelopmental disorders. Many risk factors and correlates have been proposed but few have been established as causative (Earls & Mezzacappa, 2005; Moffitt et al., 2008). For example, harsh and inconsistent parenting ha Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettss been repeatedly shown to be associated with CD/ODD, but we do not know to what extent it is a cause or a consequence (Frick, 2006). Perinatal compliWind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
cations, genetic predisposition, neurocognitive deficits, low IQ and parental antisocial behaviour are also implicated, but many outstanding questionsWhat have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettsin preschool children in the general population are rare (Kadesjb, Hagglof, Kadesjo, & Gillberg, 2003; Kim-Cohen et al., 2005; Egger & Angold, 2006). Furthermore important nosological questions remain, for example the contribution of callous-unemotional symptoms, the importance of gender differences Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts, and the relationship between ODD, CD and anti-social personality disorder (Moffitt et al., 2008). We also need to know more about the key genetic deWind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
terminants and the utility of physiological biomarkers.Autism research provides another useful illustration: we know that genetic factors are very impWhat have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettsenbaum et al., 2005a), but again methodological issues preclude generalisable conclusions as to the magnitude of the risk involved. Longitudinal population-based studies are required to establish the utility of these markers and consequently to develop robust early screening and diagnostic tools.Cou Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettsrse and Stability of DisordersContinuing with the example of autism, while several studies have assessed prevalence (Gillberg & Wing, 1999; Fombonne,Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
1999; Yeargin-Allsopp, Rice, Karapurkar, & et al., 2003; Baird et al., 2006; Posserud, Lundervold, & Gillberg, 2006; Williams, Higgins. & Brayne, 2006What have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettsnificant body of evidence that predictors of autism exist in early childhood (Dahlgren & Gillberg, 1989; Gillberg et al., 1990; Zwaigenbaum, Bryson, Rogers, & et al., 2005b; Yirmiya & Ozonoff, 2007). These include failure to react to own name, decreased initiation of joint attention, odd reactions t Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettso4sensor}' stimuli, and pathological or unusual motor/movement patterns. However, referral and recall bias, small sample size and other methodologicalWind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
considerations still limit the general predictive and clinical value of such parameters.Problems with existing studies of early neurodevelopment and What have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettsnnot give a comprehensive understanding of overlap with normality and issues of co-morbidity as the thresholds of discrete conditions are already defined, while cross-sectional studies cannot enhance our understanding of developmental processes. As Pickles and Angold (2003) state, in order to unders Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettstand the relationships between psychopathology, its aetiology, outcome and other factors, “we need to adopt a truly empirical approach that is unblinkWind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
ered by either categorical or dimensional prejudices" (p548). Retrospective studies of early predictors of psychopathology are limited by issues of reWhat have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts 2007; Landa, Garrett-Mayer, Landa, & Garrett-Mayer, 2006; Loh et al., 2007; Merin, Young, Ozonoff, & Rogers, 2007; Toth, Dawson, Meltzoff, Greenson, & Fein, 2007; Yirmiya et al., 2006; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005b; Yirmiya et al., 2007; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005a; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005a) may reveal Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettsearly indicators of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, but are subject to a variety of forms of selection and ascertainment bias. For exampWind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
le, prospective studies of children exposed to smoking in pregnancy and of children with very low birth weights have shown increased rates of ADHD andWhat have birth cohort studies asked about genetic, pre- and peri-natal exposures and child and adolescent onset mental health outcomes? A systematic Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts these difficulties can best be determined in the context of general population birth cohort studies. Furthermore,5approaches limited to ‘high risk’ families will inevitably fail to help US understand the common sporadic cases.Early intervention in disorders of social development is, a priori, more Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusettslikely to be effective than late intervention, but data confirming this assertion are lacking largely because of the lack of sensitive and specific teWind Power Suitability in Worcester, Massachusetts
chniques to identify at-risk children. In order to develop complex interventions to improve health (Campbell et al., 2000), there is a need to defineGọi ngay
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