Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Word associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexllon University2Department of Psychology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem3The Center for Neural Computation, the Hebrew University of JerusalemRunning Head: Incidental associations formed during semantic integrationAll correspondence should be directed to: Anat PriorDepartment of PsychologyCarneg Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave.Pittsburgh, PA, 15217apnor@andrew.cmu.eduPhone: 412-2685256Fax: 412-2683905AbstractSentential context facilitatesWord Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
the incidental formation of word associations (e.g.. Prior & Bentin, 2003). The present study explored the mechanism of this effect. In two experimenWord associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexy. During an incidental study phase, participants performed a sentence categorization task. The strength of the incidental associations formed between two nouns jointly appearing in a sentence was probed by gauging their influence on subsequent paired-associate learning and cued recall in Experiment Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex 1, and by assessing their associative priming effect in a subsequent unexpected explicit recognition test for single words in Experiment 2. In both eWord Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
xperiments, significant associative memory was found for noun pairs studied in coherent sentences but not for those appearing in anomalous sentences, Word associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexlies were, however, equally detrimental to the sentence integration process. We suggest that sentence constituents are incidentally associated during sentence processing, particularly as a result of sentence integration and the consolidation of a mental model.Keywords: Word association, context, sem Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexantic, sentence integration, incidental learning21. IntroductionAssociation between mental events IS a basic organizational principle in memory with iWord Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
mportant implications for performance. It is not surprising, therefore, that the impact of established associations on cognitive processes and the chaWord associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexm behaviorist investigations of paired associate learning (e.g., Postman & Keppel, 1969) and explorations of free association patterns (e.g.. Deese. 1965). up to more recent computational models that use inter-lexical associations as a basis for computing word meaning (e.g., Plaut, 1995). The impact Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex of word associations on linguistic performance has been extensively investigated using various tasks such as priming in lexical access (Neely, 1991),Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
sentence comprehension (Seidenberg, Tanenhaus, Leiman & Bienkowski. 1982: Stanovich & West. 1983) and language production (Spence & Owens. 1990). In Word associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexstic context on the associative process, have received less attention. Assumptions as to the nature of these associative processes are not fully articulated and remain, by and large, implicit.During the daily use of the language, associations between words are formed incidentally, that is, without t Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexhe explicit intention of the speaker to memorize a specific association. Nevertheless, much of the research concerned with the episodic formation of wWord Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
ord associations, and their influence on lexical processing, has been conducted using intentional paired-associate learning paradigms (e.g.. DagenbachWord associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate CortexNeely & Durgunoglu, 1985: Schacter & Graf, 1986; Schacter & McGlynn, 1989; Schrijnemakers & Raaijmakers, 1997). In contrast, in the present experiments participants were incidentally exposed to words in meaningful context, while performing a semantic task involving whole-sentence comprehension. At t Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexhe time of this incidental exposure they were not informed of an ensuing memory test, and thus presumably made no intentional attempt at encoding specWord Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
ific associative information in long term memory.A commonly held assumption is that associative links between words reflect their cooccurrence in writWord associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexvate each other in the lexicon (Spence and Owens, 1990). Computational models of lexical organization such as HAL (Burgess. 1998: Lund & Burgess. 1996: Lund. Burgess & Audet, 1996) or LSA (Landauer & Dumais 1997) formally rely on statistical cooccurrence in language as the basis for lexical associat Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexions1. However, the notion of cooccurrence does not fully account for the fact that the formation of associations is facilitated both by semantic relaWord Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
tedness (Greene & Tussing, 2001: Prior & Geffet, 2003: Smith. Theodor & Franklin. 1983; Silberman. Miikkulainen & Bentin. 2001; in press; Thomson & TuWord associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexd that despite equal co-occurrence, incidental associations were formed more easily between nouns embedded in a sentential context than between nouns co-occurring as1 Note that while the semantic relatedness between words in these models relies on global cooccurrence. detined as similarity of distri Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexbution throughout the corpus (and not direct cooccurrence). It has been postulated that local co-occurrence may indeed predict the degree of associatiWord Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
on, as defined above (see Prior & Geffet. 2003. for further discussion of this issue).4isolated pairs. The present study elaborates on this finding, aWord associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexfacilitates the formation of an association between its constituent words when compared to context-free presentation, can be attributed to various factors. One account is that the meanings of individual words encountered in a sentential context receive more elaboration and deeper processing, and tha Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortext unique relationships are established between the concepts they denote (Moscovitch & Craik. 1976: stein et al., 1984). This account relates less to tWord Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
he intrinsic process of sentence comprehension and integration but hints to differences in the ways that individual words are processed, depending on Word associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexalso recruit greater attention resources. This could lead to the elicitation of more extensive semantic activation for sentence constituents, thus increasing the probability that an association will be formed.A second account relies on sentence comprehension theories (Carpenter. Miyake & Just, 1995; Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex Townsend & Bever, 2001) and suggests that associative links between constituent words might be established more efficiently during the integrative prWord Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
ocesses required for sentence comprehension. For example, according to the Construction-Integration (Cl) model (Kintsch. 1998) sentence comprehension Word associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex sentence comprehension and memory theory developed using the ACT-R architecture postulates that the semantic structure of5a sentence is encoded by the creation of a proposition (Anderson. Budiu & Reder, 2001). Comprehension of the sentence then proceeds by a search of declarative memory for suitabl Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexe referents. These processes might reinforce associations between constituents of the sentence by establishing links to existing schemas or structuresWord Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
.Finally, it is also possible that sentential context imposes semantic constraints on the interpretation of the constituent words (Moss & Marslen-WilsWord associations are formed incidentally during sententialSEMANTIC INTEGRATIONAnal Prior- and Shlomo Bentin2-31Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mel Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexxicon (Barsalou, 1982). Therefore, when two words are encountered in a unifying context, there is a greater likelihood that their common features will be selectively activated as opposed to their discriminative features leading to feature alignment, feature matching, and ultimately stronger associat Word Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortexive links (Foss & Speer. 1991). However, this account is closely linked to the specific conditions contrasted by Prior and Bentin (2003) and while itWord Puzzles Produce Distinct Patterns of Activation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
might partially explain the associative advantage conferred by sentential context, it does not speak directly to the aspects of sentence processing thGọi ngay
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