Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
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Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2e world in traditional medicine from ancient time onward to control or treat diabetes. They are also used in well-organized traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda. Siddha. and Chinese medicine. Even in the recent years, there has been a great interest toward phytomedicines including polyhe Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2rbal formulations not only for diabetes but also for other diseases like arthritis and cancer; since the shortcomings of conventional chemical entityEbook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
medicines have started getting more apparent, many anti-diabetes mellitus (anti-DM) herbal formulations available in the markets are immensely used by4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2in a medicinal preparation, it is generally considered as a polyherbal formulation. In most of the cases, products from many plants (along with or without nonplant materials) are used as ingredients in a polyherbal formulation. These polyherbal formulations contain products from plain species as ing Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2redients with specific methods of preparation. Polyherbal formulations could be better than single chemical entity drugs in many medical conditions. TEbook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
he multivalent and multitarget actions of mixtures of phytochemicals could provide therapeutic superiority compared with single compound drugs in the 4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2 diseases), combination therapy is more suitable compared with monosubstance therapy. It is considered that complex physiological and pathophysiological processes of the body can be influenced more effectively with less adverse side effects by a combination of several low-dose compounds than by a si Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2ngle high-dose compound. Low doses of several phytochemicals acting on multiple targets involved in a complex disease such as DM may prove better andEbook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
safer compared with a high dose of a pure chemical entity drug acting on a major target. This gives relevance to phytomedicines (generally containing 4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2s to develop rational and standardized polyherbal/combination medicines for DM.4.2Synergistic, Additive, stimulatory, and AntagonisticEffects of PhytochemicalsInteraction of different phytochemicals can lead to synergistic effects, additive effects, antagonistic effects, and soon. One compound can i Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2nfluence the bioactivity of another compound positively or negatively. The pharmacological activity of one compound could, possibly, be abolished by tEbook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
he interaction with other compound or compounds. Molecular interactions can result into, in rare cases, emergence of a new pharmacological activity or4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2the sum of the effect of each individual molecule.Additive effect: If the combined effect of two or more chemicals is equal to or almost equal to the sum of the effects of each individual molecule, it is known as additive effect.183184Anti-Diabetes Meili t US PlantsInhibitory effect: If a compound p Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2artially or completely inhibits the activity of another compound, it is known as inhibitory effect. If the combined effect of two or more phytochemicaEbook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
ls is less than the sum of the effects of each individual molecule, it could be inhibition of the activity of one compound by the other or a mutual in4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2pound, it is stimulatory effect.Active principles present in the crude extracts of anti-DM plants exert additive effects or synergistic effects in many cases; however, molecules that antagonize or block the anti-DM action of active principles have also been reported in the same plant. In these conte Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2xts, the mechanism of action studies on individual compounds and their various combinations are required in the development of best anti-DM medicines,Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
particularly, combination therapies.Examples of molecular interactions in anti-DM activity of natural products:1The main bis-benzylisoquinoline alkal4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2ased the low level of blood insulin in a dose-dependent manner in slreptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The effect of fangchinoline was 3.9-fold greater than that of water extract of s. tetrandra. However, another main compound, tetrandrine (1-100 mg/kg). did not show any effect (Tsutsumi et al. 200 Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 23). The waler extract of Astragalus membranaceus did not affect singly but potentiated the antihyperglycemic action of fangchinoline (0.3 mg/ kg) in sEbook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
treptozotocin-diabelic ddY mice. Fangchinoline appears to be an effective insulin secretagogue in diabetic rats at very low oral doses. Formononetin a4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2ese compounds (0.03-0.1 mg/kg) potentiated or stimulated the antihyperglycemic action of fangchinoline (0.3 mg/kg). Furthermore, formononetin (0.1 mg/ kg) facilitated the fangchinoline-induced insulin release (Ma et al. 2007). Bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of the isoflavone Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2s, formononetin. and calycosin from A. membranaceus as the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-y) activating compounds (Shen et alEbook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
. 2006).2Balanites aegyptiaca (fruit extract) showed hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and liver protective properties in senile diabetic rats. The fruit f4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2rom the active fraction and their structures were determined. In addition, two known saponins and their methyl ether were isolated. Interestingly, the individual saponins did not show anti-diabetic activity, but the combination of these saponins showed significant antidiabetic activity (Kamel et al. Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2 1991).3Rooibos is a slightly sweet and mildly astringent fragrant tea produced by fermentation of the commercially cultivated leaves and twigs of AspEbook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
alathus linearis (Bunn.f.) R. Dahlgren. A study was carried out to confirm the anti-diabetes activity of aspalathin-rich rooibos extract. The extract 4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2 glucose uptake on C2CI2 myocytes. Aspalathin was effective at 1. 10. and 100 pM. whereas rutin was effective at 100 pM. In vivo the extract sustained a glucose-low ering effect comparable with metformin over a 6-h period after administration (25 mg/kg) to streptozotocin-diabetic rats. In an oral gl Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2ucose tolerance test (OGTT), the extract (30 mg/kg) was more effective than vildagliptin (10 mg/kg), a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. A mixture ofEbook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
aspalathin and rutin (1:1) at a low dose (1.4 mg/ kg), but not the single compounds separately, reduced blood glucose concentrations over a 6-h monito4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2ols (Muller et al. 2012).4In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, (he 70% ethanol extract of Artemisia herba-alba showed superior hypoglycemic activity compared with any of its fractions (Awad el al. 2012).Potyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus1854.3Dose Effects of Anti-DM Molecules/Ex Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2tnictsSome compounds are known to have atypical or abnormal dose effects. I or example, resveratrol, a phenolic compound (3.4.5-trihydfoxy-slilbenc).Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
a nutraceutical present in grapes, peanuts, and so on. has many beneficial biological effects depending on the dose used, loo much could be harmful. A4_______Polyherbal and Combination Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus4.1IntroductionNumerous polyheibal formulations are in use in different parts of the Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2Alzheimer's disease, and osteoporoses, but an adverse or no beneficial effect was observed in these medical conditions at high doses (Calabrese et al. 2010). In cell proliferation assays, under in vitro conditions, resveratrol stimulated growth of a variety of cell types including cancer cells, wher Ebook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2eas high concentrations inhibited cancer cell proliferation (Calabrese et al. 2010). In a clinical study, resveratrol (10 mg/day. for 4 weeks) improveEbook Anti-diabetes mellitus plants - Active principles, mechanisms of action and sustainable utilization: Part 2
d insulin sensitivity in humans (Brasnyo et al. 2011). However, in another study, a high dose of resveratrol supplementation did not influence endogenGọi ngay
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