League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
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League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
Using the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee OrdinanceUSING THE DELPHI TECHNIQUE TO IDENTIFY TOPICS FOR A PROTECTEDAREA CO-MANAGEMENT CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMs. De Urioste-Stone1, W.J. McLaughlin" and N. Sanyal"11AbstractCo-management and co-administration are increasingly being promoted as protected area governance tools to encourage local involvemen League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinancet in protected area management in the Mesoamerican region. This increase has exposed the need to strengthen co-management capacities of institutions aLeague of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
nd organizations. We contend that creating capacity building programs in co-management should reflect the wisdom of experts and practicing comanagers Using the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinanceto better understand co-management capacity building needs. The panel of experts was comprised of 30 professionals, with vast experience on co-management in developing countries. Three rounds of questionnaires were sent to the experts. Twelve topic categories were identified and rated in terms of th League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinanceeir importance. Power sharing, negotiating co-management agreements, financing co-management, and understanding the comanagement idea showed to be theLeague of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
most important categories. Scoring of final topic categories were analyzed using the Wilcoxon, Median, and Kruskall-Wallis non-parametric statisticalUsing the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinancerams. Results also are informing the1Using the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity building program---------------------------------------development, implementation, and evaluation of a co-administration capacity building program in Guatemala.2Co-Manageme League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinancent and Capacity BuildingFor many years, within protected areas around the world, top-down approaches to management and 'Western' ideas of conservationLeague of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
have been promoted and in some cases imposed. This is in spite of the fact that many of the protected areas where these were applied were inhabited fUsing the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinanceoften caused adverse effects on the livelihoods and food security of local people living within and around protected areas (Berkes 1997; Borrini-Feyerabend, Pimbert, Farvar, Kothari, & Renard 2004; Wakeford & Pimbert 2004). As a result of this and other pressures, protected area managers in Latin Am League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinanceerica started noticing numerous differences between local populations and development agencies due to divergence in land use paradigms and livelihoodLeague of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
goals. As a consequence of these differences, conflicts emerged and threats to the integrity of protected areas (PAs) surfaced (Pimbert & Pretty 1997;Using the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinanceulations and their values and needs, continue to be tried. Co-management—2Using the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity building program------------------------------------------also referred to as collaborative management, co-administration, partnership, League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinancejoint management, and participatory management-emerged as one of the promising alternatives to promote conservation while ensuring human development (League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
Berkes 1997; Borrini-Feyerabend 1996; Pimbert & Pretty 1997; Wakeford & Pimbert 2004).At the 1980 World Conservation strategy convention, collaborativUsing the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinancenagement refers to 'a situation in which two or more social players negotiate, define and guarantee amongst themselves a fair sharing of the management functions, entitlements and responsibilities for a given territory, area or set of natural resources' (68). These types of collaborative management League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinancestrategies are now seen as alternative ways to govern and care for 'places' and 'cultural landscapes.' The reasons behind this 'caring' varying from oLeague of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
nes associated with conservation and protection of special places to others more directly related to maintaining livelihoods and cultural practices.DuUsing the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinances (McCarthy Ramirez, Martinez Artavia, & Salas 2006; Solis Rivera, Madrigal Cordero, Ayales Cruz, & Fonseca Borras 2003). By 2006, the IUCN Mesoamerican Regional Office reported a 133% increase in the number of PAs under some form of co-3Using the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinancearea co-management capacity building program-------------------------------------------management or ‘gestión compartida' (42)—joint administration—frLeague of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
om the 1998 figure. The 196 PAs co-managed represent 29.2% per cent of the total number of PAs in the Mesoamerican region (McCarthy Ramirez et al. 200Using the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinanceof increased co-management arrangements, several authors (Borrini-Feyerabend et al. 2004; Castro & Nielsen 2001; Kellert, Mehta, Ebbin, & Lichtenfeld 2000; Luna 1999; Maldonado 2000; Ruitenbeek & Cartier 2001) have emphasized the need to develop the capacity and readiness of individuals and institut League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinanceions to carry out co-management activities. In addition, capacity building programs have to be action oriented and learner-centered (Leonard 2002; PanLeague of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
itz 1996). We conclude that capacity building programs for protected area personnel need to include new content that addresses the added complexities Using the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance model.Hence, the purpose of this Delphi study was to better understand the co-management phenomenon, especially as it refers to the identification of capacity building needs among institutions. Using the expertise of the panel of experts, a list of definitions was identified and generated, as well League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinanceas a prioritization of topics that need to be included4Using the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity buildLeague of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
ing program--------------------------------------in protected area co-management capacity building programs for developing countries.3The Delphi TechnUsing the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance Linstone & Turoff 2002b; Sharkey 2001), who usually cannot be brought together around a discussion table to develop consensus among them about a particular topic (Gupta & Clarke 1996; Rowe & Wright 1999). It was developed to ‘obtain the most reliable consensus of opinion of a group of experts... (t League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinancehrough) a series of intensive questionnaires interspersed with controlled opinion feedback' (Dalkey & Helmer 1963: 458). It also has been used to estaLeague of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
blish facts, generate ideas, or make decisions (Gupta & Clarke 1996: Stewart 2001). The technique has been widely used in fields such as nursing, busiUsing the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinancer it to be used in different ways, and therefore, in many instances it is referred to as 'modified Delphi' (Stewart 2001). Its key components are: ‘anonymity, iteration, controlled feedback, and the statistical aggregation of group response* (Rowe 1999: 354).5Using the Delphi technique to identify t League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinanceopics for a protected area co-management capacity building program-------------------------------------------The technique relies on a series of sequeLeague of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
ntial rounds of questionnaires, which should lead to consensus among the panel of experts (Delbecq, Van de ven, & Gustafson 1975; Linstone & Turoff 19Using the Delphi technique to identify topics for a protected area co-management capacity-building-program-------------------------------------------U League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinancedress a lack of agreement or incomplete state of knowledge' (Powell 2003: 376). In addition, it has shown to be useful for organizing and structuring communication within a group (Gupta & Clarke 1996). Its success lies on the convergence of expert opinions (Jairath & Weinstein 1994; Powell 2003).Acc League of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinanceording to several authors (McKenna 1994; Powell 2003) the strengths of the Delphi include the following 1): achieve consensus on topic of uncertaintyLeague of Arizona Cities and Towns Model Development Impact Fee Ordinance
or little empirical evidence, 2) widen knowledge through multiple rounds (Powell 2003), 3) stimulate new ideas among the panel members (Powell 2003),Gọi ngay
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