Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
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Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
Small Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016ower, and for process heat.•This interest in small and medium nuclear power reactors is driven both by a desire to reduce the impact of capital costs and to provide power away from large grid systems.•The technologies involved are numeraous and very diverse.As nuclear power generation has become est Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016ablished since the 1950s, the size of reactor units has grown from 60 MWe to more than 1600 MWe, with corresponding economies of scale in operation. ASmall Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
t the same time there have been many hundreds of smaller power reactors built for naval use (up to 190 MW thermal) and as neutron sources4, yielding eSmall Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016bout 700 MWe as medium' - including many operational units from 20th century. Together they are now-referred to by IAEA as small and medium reactors (SMRs). However, 'SMR' is used more commonly as an acronym for 'small modular reactor’, designed for serial construction and collectively to comprise a Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016 large nuclear power plant. (In this paper the use of diverse prefabricated modules to expedite the construction of a single large reactor is not releSmall Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
vant.) A subcategory of very small reactors - vSMRs - is proposed for units under about 15 MWe, especially for remote communities.Today, due partly toSmall Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016der about 4 GWe,b there is a move to develop smaller units. These may be built independently or as modules in a larger complex, with capacity added incrementally as required (see section below on Modular construction using small reactor units). Economies of scale are provided by the numbers produced Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016. There are also moves to develop independent small units for remote sites. Small units are seen as a much more manageable investment than big ones whSmall Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
ose cost often rivals the capitalization of the utilities concerned.An additional reason for interest in SMRs is that they can more readily slot into Small Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016e under 50 MWe. In the USA coal-fired units retired over 2010-12 averaged 97 MWe, and those expected to retire over 2015-25 average 145 MWe.Small modular reactors (SMRs) are defined as nuclear reactors generally 300MWe equivalent or less, designed with modular technology using module factor}' fabric Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016ation, pursuing economies of series production and short construction times. This definition, from the World Nuclear Association, is closely based onSmall Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
those from the IAEA and the USNuclear Energy Institute. Some of the already-operating small reactors mentioned or tabulated below do not fit this defiSmall Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016ime or still on the drawing board, and some larger ones which are outside the mainstream categories dealt with in the Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors information paper. Note that many of the designs described here are not yet actually taking shape. Four main options are being pursued: light water re Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016actors, fast neutron reactors, graphitemoderated high temperature reactors and various kinds of molten salt reactors (MSRs). The first has the lowestSmall Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
technological risk, but the second (FNR) can be smaller, simpler and with longer operation before refuelling. Some MSRs are fast-spectrum.Generally, mSmall Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016 in factories, short construction times, and reduced siting costs. Most are also designed for a high level of passive or inherent safety in the event of malfunctions Also many are designed to be emplaced below ground level, giving a high resistance to terrorist threats. A 2010 report by a special co Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016mmittee convened by the American Nuclear Society showed that many safety provisions necessary, or at least prudent, in large reactors are not necessarSmall Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
y in the small designs forthcoming*1. Since small reactors are envisaged as replacing fossil fuel plants in many situations, the emergency planning zoSmall Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016ation of regulatory requirements12, said that the enormous potential of SMRs rests on a number of factors:•Because of their small size and modularity, SMRs could almost be completely built in a controlled factory setting and installed module by module, improving the level of construction quality and Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016 efficiency.•Their small size and passive safety features lend them to countries with smaller grids and less experience of nuclear power.•Size, constrSmall Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
uction efficiency and passive safetv- systems (requiring less redundancy) can lead to easier financing compared to that for larger plants.•Moreover, aSmall Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016MR, including:•Small power and compact architecture and usually (at least for nuclear steam supply system and associated safety systems) employment of passive concepts. Therefore there is less reliance on active safety systems and additional pumps, as well as AC power for accident mitigation.•The co Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016mpact architecture enables modularity of fabrication (in-factor}'), which can also facilitate implementation of higher quality standards.•Lower powerSmall Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
leading to reduction of the source term as well as smaller radioactive inventory in a reactor (smaller reactors).•Potential tor sub-grade (undergroundSmall Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016e.g. aircraft impact) hazards.•1 he modular design and small size lends itself to having multiple units on the same site.•Lower requirement lor access Io cooling waler therefore suitable lor remote regions and for specific applications such as mining or desalination.•Ability to remove reactor module Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016 or in-situ decommissioning al the end of lhe lifetime.A 2009 assessment by the IAEA under its Innovative Nuclear Power Reactors & Fuel Cycle (ĨNPRO)Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
program concluded that there could be 96 small modular reactors (SMRs) in operation around the world by 2030 in its 'high' case, and 43 units in the 'Small Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016ntries, totaling 57 GWe capacity.) The IAEA has a program assessing a conceptual Multi-Application Small Light Water Reactor (MASLWR) design with integral steam generators, focused on natural circulation of coolant. The concept is similar to several of the integral PWR designs below.US support for S Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016MRsA 2011 report for US DOE by University of Chicago Energy Policy Institute said that development of small reactors could create an opportunity for tSmall Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
he United States to recapture a slice of the nuclear technology market that had eroded over the last several decades as companies in other countries hSmall Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016designs were only 10 to 20 percent complete, only limited cost data were available, and no US factor}' had advanced beyond the planning stages. In general, however, the report said small realtors could significantly mitigate the financial risk associated with full-scale plants, potentially allowing Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016small reactors to compete effectively with other energy sources.In January 2012 the DOE called for applications from industry to support the developmeSmall Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
nt of one or two US light-water reactor designs, allocating $452 million over-five years. Tour applications were made, from Westinghouse, Bdbccx k & WSmall Nuclear Power Reactors(Updated 30 March 2016)•There is revival of interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear po Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016’owcr design, to be developed with Bechtel and TVA. Through the five-year cost-share agreement, the DOF would invest up to half of the total project cost, with the project's industry partners at least matching this, rhe total would be negotiated between DOE and B&w. and DOE had paid Sill million by Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016the end of 2014 before announcing that funds were cut off due to B&w shelving the project. However B&w is not required to repay any of the DOF money,Small Nuclear Power Reactors - As of March 30 2016
and the project, capped al $15 million per year, is now under BWX TechnologiesInc. The company had expended more than S375 million on the mPower progrGọi ngay
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