Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
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Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
Climate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationth.sinith@utas.edu.auAbstractAlthough the impacts of greenhouse gas build-up remain uncertain, they have the potential to be very serious and possibly catastrophic. If the outcomes are serious then neither improving energy efficiency nor adaptation policies will cope with the problems of warming. Re Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationducing climate impacts without impeding economic development will require new low or zero emissions energy carriers and associated technologies. ThisSmith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
paper argues that current innovation policy initiatives aim at only limited dimensions of energy technology: they either promote incremental change inClimate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationlogies, nor change the basic technological regime of hydrocarbon production, distribution and use. For this, more radical ‘mission-oriented’ programmes are necessary. In turn, these will require new policy instruments and methods, new roles for government, and new dimensions of international collabo Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationration and global governance of innovation strategies.0SummaryHow can we sustain global economic performance while reducing and perhaps eliminating clSmith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
imate impacts? This dual objective ultimately requires the innovation of radically new low-or zero-emitting energy technologies. But what is involved Climate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovatione of the innovation challenge of climate change, develops a framework for analysing modes of innovation, applies the framework to energy technologies and analyses policies for energy innovation. The overall argument is that we are ‘locked in' to an unsustainable but large-scale hydrocarbon energy sy Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationstem. The innovation problem Is to develop alternatives to this system as a whole. Yet despite widespread environmental Innovation efforts and incentiSmith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
ves, these are not yet addressing the innovation challenge on an adequate scale.The analytical framework sees technologies not as single techniques buClimate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationsation, infrastructures, and social patterns of technology use. We live not with individual energy technologies but with a complex hydrocarbon regime.Against this background we can identify three modes of innovation, with very different characteristics. They are•Incremental innovations - upgrades to Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation existing technologies, producing innovation within existing technological regimes, such as increases in the capabilities and speeds of microprocessorSmith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
s.•Disruptive innovations - new methods of performing existing technical functions, changing how things are done, but not changing the overall regime,Climate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationledge bases, and new organisational forms, such as the transition from steam power systems to electricity.We need environmental innovations on all three of these dimensions of innovation, but we have innovation programs and policy instruments for only the first two. There are no large integrated pro Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationgrams seeking regime-shifting innovation of the final type.Current policies instruments for environmental change have four basic forms - carbon taxesSmith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
or emissions constraints, subsidy and procurement measures, regulatory Instruments and R&D and commercialisation programs. The first set of measures iClimate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationnt, and will frame a context in which further change can happen. But none will In themselves lead to fundamental Innovation in the hydrocarbon regime.Regime-shifting innovation typically involves long-term and highly risky innovation programmes along multiple search patlis. In the past, such program Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationmes have usually rested on integrated public and private action. They consist of purposive, goal-oriented changes in the overall systems of knowledge,Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
infrastructure and use patterns that make up technological regimes. In one form or another they entail methods for solving such problems as•the shareClimate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation develop new capabilities•methods for the management of innovation risk and uncertainty•sustained scientific and technological problem solving, and processes of ‘collective invention'•'patronage' of new technologies through long development periods before they reach commercial viability•new infrastr Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationuctures and institutions•integration of public sector and business investment commitmentsMost of the core technologies of the modem world have involveSmith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
d such processes, very often initiated or coordinated via public agencies of various kinds. The public-sector roles have been necessary for coordinatiClimate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationnnovation than are currently envisaged in the climate debate.We now require new large-scale “mission-oriented” technology programs for low- or zero emissions energy carriers and technologies, resting on public seơor coordination and taking a system-wide perspective. However the key point about globa Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationl warming is that it results from a global negative externality, which is beyond the capabilities of any single government to resolve. Government actiSmith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
on for technology development is also constrained by globalisation, by changing views of the legitimate roles of government, and by changing forms of Climate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationwhich global innovation policy cooperation is necessary. The paper concludes by discussing possible mechanisms and governance of such cooperation, advocating the need for a transnational agency - either wholly new or developed out of an existing agency - to act as a forum for transnational policy ne Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationtworks and as a mechanism for the development of a truly global innovation policy for climate change.If these challenges are intimidating, it is worthSmith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
noting that innovation outcomes on a similar scale are not unprecedented. Unforeseen energy carriers have emerged before, the most recent spectacularClimate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationhnologies that did not exist when President Kennedy formulated the objective. The technological challenge of storing energy on a large scale appears to be intractable, but our society has solved an arguably bigger storage problem, that of storing, rapidly searching and retrieving vast volumes of inf Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationormation. The technologies for doing this were unforeseeable only a short time ago. and were generated by the sorts of programs advocated here. AgainsSmith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
t the background of the history of technology, which is one of extraordinary innovation and diffusion, we have no reason to be pessimistic about the cClimate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationired to reach the innovation goals.21. GLOBAL WARMING AND INNOVATIONWhat are the main innovation and technology policy problems in stabilising and then reducing greenhouse-gas emissions from our currently dominant hydrocarbon energy technologies? The argument here is that continued innovation is cen Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationtral to the solution of environmental problems related to energy, and that such innovation should be directed towards creating low- or zero-emission tSmith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
echnology options that are capable of replacing the hydrocarbon ‘regime’. Later sections address what is involved in climate-relevant innovation, bothClimate change and radical energy innovation: the policy issuesKeith SmithCentre for Technology, Innovation and Culture University of Oslo Norway keit Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovationvironmentalists who argue that sustainability must mean attenuating our total energy consumption. The position suggested here, however, is that we should seek sustainable greenhouse gas emission targets, without reducing global energy consumption drastically.The reason for this is that the people of Smith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation the world will clearly seek to improve current levels of global economic development, and this will require maintaining and even increasing levels ofSmith 2009_Climate Change and Energy Innovation
energy consumption.1 Achieving growth without continued greenhouse gas build-up implies that low-emissions energy innovation must occur and be multi-Gọi ngay
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