Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
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Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
Affective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completerecognition of emotional facialexpressionsSuzanne L. K. Stewart (Corresponding author)Department of Psychology. University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CHI 4B.I s.stewart@chester.ac.uk; 01244 511 680Astrid SchepmanDepartment of Psychology, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CHI 4BJ Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completea.schepman@chester.ac.uk; 01244 511 658Matthew HaighDepartment of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST matthew.haigh@northuStewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
mbria.ac.uk; 0191 227 3472Rhian McHughDepartment of Psychology, University of Chester, Parkgate Road. Chester CHI 4BJ r.mchugh@chester.ac.uk; 01244 51Affective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completer; Oxford Road; Manchester M13 9PL andrew.stewart@manchester.ac.uk; 0161 275 7331Funding acknowledgement: This work was supported by a grant awarded to the first author by the University of Chester.https://khothuvien.cori!Affective theory of mind inferences 2 AbstractThe recognition of emotional fac Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeial expressions is often subject to contextual influence, particularly when the face and the context convey similar emotions. We investigated whetherStewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
spontaneous, incidental affective theory of mind inferences made while reading vignettes describing social situations would produce context effects onAffective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completed faces. Crucially, we found an effect of context on reaction times in both experiments while, in line with previous work, we found evidence for a context effect on accuracy only in Experiment 1. This demonstrates that affective theory of mind inferences made at the pragmatic level of a text can aut Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeomatically, contextually influence the perceptual processing of emotional facial expressions in a separate task even when those emotions are of a distStewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
inctive valence. Thus, our novel findings suggest that language acts as a contextual influence to the recognition of emotional facial expressions for Affective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completet)Affective theory of mind inferences 3 Affective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the recognition of emotional facial expressionsMuch of our everyday social interaction relies on our ability to understand the mental states of others, which is known as “theory of mind” (Premack & Woo Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completedruff, 1978). Theory of mind involves representation of knowledge, beliefs, and intentions (cognitive theory of mind) as well as emotions [affective tStewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
heory of mind (aToM); e.g.. Shamay-Tsoory, Tomer, Berger, Goldsher, & Aharon-Peretz. 2005]. Specifically, aToM inferences often rely on the contextualAffective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete& Plumb, 2001). What is less clear, however, is the reverse - whether contextual aToM inferences can influence the subsequent identification of emotional facial expressions. We investigated this question by looking for evidence of this influence in measures of processing speed and accuracy when part Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeicipants identified facial emotions after reading vignettes that implied an emotion that either was congruent or incongruent with the subsequent faciaStewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
l emotion.Previous work has established that people generally do consider the surrounding context when identifying facial emotions (Aviezer et al., 20Affective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeihlberger, & Pauli, 2013; cf. Nakamura, Buck, & Kenny, 1990). “Context" pertains to anything separate from the facial emotion itself (Hassin. Aviezer, & Bentin, 2013; Wieser & Brosch. 2012) and includes (but is not limited to) pictorial scenes, body position and body language, individual emotional w Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeords, vignettes, and even the neurological processes occurring in parallel within the perceiver (Barrett, Lindquist, & Gendron. 2007).However, there iStewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
s good theoretical reason to believe that the degree of contextual influence on the identification of emotional facial expressions varies according toAffective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeferences 4 this account. Carroll and Russell assert that observers rely on three dimensions of facial expressions in order to accurately classify the emotions they convey, and these are quasi-physical information, pleasantness, and arousal. Quasi-physical information pertains to the physical aspects Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete of an expression that characterise that expression but which are not unique to it (Carroll and Russell give the example of a smile which can be recogStewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
nised as such but does not determine w hether the expression is of joy, embarrassment, nervousness, or a polite greeting). According to their view, plAffective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeons portrayed by a face and by a situation are incongruent on all three dimensions (e.g., happiness and sadness), then the emotion in the face will take precedence, meaning that context has little to no influence. However, when the facial and situational emotional information are congruent on these Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeaspects (e.g., fear and anger: aroused, unhappy, staring quasi-physical features; negative valence; high arousal), then the emotion portrayed by the sStewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
ituation will take precedence, meaning that the context has a strong influence and the facial emotion may, therefore, be mis-classified. Carroll and RAffective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeand then viewed photographs of differing emotional faces which were typically still congruent for quasi-physical information, pleasantness, and arousal (e.g., fear and anger).Participants chose what emotion (from several choices) the face was expressing, and their responses tended to be congruent wi Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeth the vignette’s emotion rather than the intended emotion of the face. Thus, Carroll and Russell’s findings suggest that people extract affective infStewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
ormation from narratives which seems to incidentally influence how emotional information in a subsequently presented face is interpreted, particularlyAffective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete hearing the vignettes read aloud is a contextual influence in itself - the researcher could have unwittingly emphasised the emotion consistent with the vignette through prosodic factors and his/her own facial expressions and body language (Wieser & Brosch, 2012). Nonetheless, similar effects have b Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeeenAffective theory of mind inferences 5 uncovered with neuroimaging (Kim et al.. 2004) and for ambiguous versus unambiguous facial emotions (Trope, 1Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
986). Thus, the work presented here tested the theory of limited situational dominance in a new way through lightly controlled experiments that alloweAffective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completeh processing and a subsequent classification task. Furthermore, as will be described, our vignettes were designed such that any context effect observed came from the implicit, spontaneous, incidental aToM inferences that participants made during narrative comprehension; and these were not confounded Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete by the behaviour of the researcher or by explicit emotion words in the vignettes.A contrasting theoretical view comes from Barrett and colleagues (BaStewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
rrett & Kensinger, 2010; Barrett et al., 2007; Gendron, Lindquist, Barsalou, & Barrett, 2012; Lindquist, Barrett, Bliss-Moreau, & Russell, 2006), who Affective theory of mind Inferences 1RUNNING HEAD: Affective theory of mind inferencesAffective theory of mind inferences contextually influence the r Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completee words activates conceptual knowledge and sensory-related information in memory and that these simulations then act as top-down influences on the perception of simultaneously or subsequently presented facial stimuli (Gendron et al., 2012). Thus, these researchers suggest that the emotion word respo Stewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted completense options in many experiments contextually influence the perception of facial stimuli. In the work presented below, we were interested in linguisticStewart et al Affective theory of mind Cognition Emotion accepted complete
contextual influences to the interpretation of facial emotions beyond the lexical level and, therefore, tested an extended version of the language-asGọi ngay
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