Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951)
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Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951)
QUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrig Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) ght, 1951, By PRENTICE-HALL, INC. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY MIMEOGRAPH OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBUSHERS.First printing..., Second printing. Third printing... Fourth printing.. Fifth printing.. Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) .Sixth printing... Seventh printing Eighth printing? Ninth printing.. Tenth printing.....February, 1951...January, 1952 September, 1952 ......June, 19Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951)
55 ...January, 1956 ......May, 1958...January, 1959 ...... April, 1960 ...January, 1961 ..February, 1963PREFACEThe quantum theory is the result of lonQUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrig Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) al theory could not even begin to explain. It is not generally realized, however, that the quantum theory represents a radical change, not only in the content of scientific knowledge, but also in the fundamental conceptual framework in terms of which such knowledge can be expressed. The true extent Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) of this change of conceptual framework has perhaps been obscured by the contrast between the relatively pictorial and easily imagined terms in which cBohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951)
lassical theory has always been expressed, with the very abstract and mathematical form in which quantum theory obtained its original development. So QUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrig Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) of the possibility of their being understood in the customary imaginative sense, and that instead, there remains only a self-consistent mathematical formalism which can, in some mysterious way, predict correctly the numerical results of actual experiments. Nevertheless, with the further development Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) of the physical interpretation of the theory (primarily as a result of the work of Niels Bohr), it finally became possible to express the results ofBohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951)
the quantum theory in terms of comparatively qualitative and imaginative concepts, which are, however, of a totally different nature from those appearQUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrig Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) precise nature of the new quantum-theoretical concepts will be developed throughout the book, principally in Chapters 6, 7, 8, 22, and 23, but the most important conceptual changes can be briefly summarized here. First, the classical concept of a continuous and precisely defined trajectory is fundam Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) entally altered by the introduction of a description of motion in terms of a series of indivisible transitions. Second, the rigid determinism of classBohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951)
ical theory is replaced by the concept of causality as an approximate and statistical trend. Third, the classical assumption that elementary particlesQUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrig Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) orld can correctly be analyzed into distinct parts, each having a separate existence, but working together according to exact causal laws to form the whole. Instead, quantum concepts imply that the world acts more like a single indivisible unit, in which even the “intrinsic” nature of each part (wav Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) e or particle) depends to some degree on its relationship to its surroundings. It is only at the microscopic (or quantum) level, however, that the indBohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951)
ivisible unity of the various parts of the world produces significant effects, so that at the macroscopic (or classical) level, the parts act, to a veQUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrig Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) the main ideas of the quantum theory in non-mathematical terms. Experience shows, however, that some mathematics is needed in order to express these ideas in a more precisely defined form, and to indicate how typical problems in the quantum theory can be solved. The general plan adopted in this book Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) has therefore been to supplement a basically qualitative and physical presentation of fundamental principles with a broad range of specific applicatiBohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951)
ons that are worked out in considerable mathematical detail.In accordance with the general plan outlined above, unusual emphasis is placed (especiallyQUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrig Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) by step through the experimental facts and theoretical lines of reasoning which led to replacement of the classical theory by the quantum theory. In this way, one avoids the need for introducing the basic principles of quantum theory in terms of a complete set of abstract mathematical postulates, j Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) ustified only by the fact that complex calculations based on these postulates happen to agree with experiment. Although the treatment adopted in thisBohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951)
book is perhaps not as neat mathematically as the postulational approach, it has a threefold advantage. First, it shows more clearly why such a radicaQUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrig Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) that one can see more easily how small modifications in the theory can be made if complete agreement with experiment is not immediately obtained.Although the qualitative and physical development of the quantum theory takes place mainly in Parts I and VI, a systematic effort is made throughout the w Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) hole book to explain the results of mathematical calculations in Qualitative and nhvsical terms. It is honed, moreover.PREFACEthe amount of thinking nBohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951)
eeded for a thorough grasp of the theory. Instead, it is hoped that the reader will thereby be stimulated to do more thinking, and thus to provide himQUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrig Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) al in this book was suggested by remarks made by Professor J. R. Oppenheimer in a series of lectures on quantum theory delivered at the University of California at Berkeley, and by notes on part of these lectures taken by Professor B. Peters. A series of lectures by Niels Bohr, entitled 11 Atomic Th Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) eory and the Description of Nature” were of crucial importance in supplying the general philosophical basis needed for a rational understanding of quaBohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951)
ntum theory. Numerous discussions with students and faculty at Princeton University were very helpful in clarifying the presentation. Dr. A. Wightman,QUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrig Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) or’s quantum theory class in 1947 and 1948 performed invaluable work, checking both the mathematics and the reasoning, while the manuscript was being written. Finally, the author wishes to express his gratitude to M. Weinstein, who read and criticized the manuscript, and who supplied many very usefu Bohm, david quantum theory (prentice hall, 1951) l suggestions, and to L. Schmid who edited the manuscript and read the proofs.David BohmQUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrigQUANTUM THEORYByDAVID BOHMPalmer Physical Laboratory Princeton UniversityPRENTICE-HALL. INCPRENTICE-HALL PHYSICS SERIESDonald H. Menzel, EditorCopyrigGọi ngay
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