Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
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Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memorynt The Ohio State UniversityJon A. KrosnickStanford UniversityPenny s. VisserUniversity of ChicagoDavid s. Boninger Three Rivers I Out FrontDecember, 2004Running Head: IMPORTANCE AND MEMORYSome of the data reported here were described in a master’s thesis submitted by the second author to The Ohio S Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memorytate University. Study 9’s data were described in a doctoral dissertation submitted by the fourth author to The Ohio State University. Study 3’s dataAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
were described in a doctoral dissertation submitted by the first author to The Ohio State University. This research was conducted partly while the thiAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory2192). National Institute for Mental Health Grant 5T32-MH19728-03 provided a predoctoral fellowship to the fourth author during her work on this project. Studies 1, 2, 5, 6. 7. and 8 were supported by grant BNS-8930430 from the National Science Foundation to the third author. The national survey des Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memorycribed in Study 4 was funded by the National Science Foundation (grant SBR-9731532), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Oceanic anAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
d Atmospheric Administration, and the Ohio State University, and It was sponsored by Resources for the Future. Jon Krosnick is University Fellow at ReAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memorynd suggestions. Correspondence concerning this manuscript should be addressed to Allyson L. Holbrook, Survey Research Laboratory (MC 336), 412 s Peoria Street, Sixth Floor, Chicago, IL 60607 (allyson@ulc.edu) or to Jon A. Krosnick, Stanford University, McClatchy Hall, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford. Calif Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryornia 94305 (e-mail: krosnick@stanford.edu).Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAbstractPeople who attachAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
personal importance to an attitude are especially knowledgeable about the attitude object. In this paper, we describe nine studies testing an explanaAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryinformation. Study One showed that after watching televised debates between presidential candidates, viewers were better able to remember the statements made on policy issues on which they had more personally important attitudes. Studies 2-4 showed that importance motivated selective exposure and se Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memorylective elaboration: when given the opportunity to choose, people chose to acquire information about policies toward which they had more personally imAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
portant attitudes, and they chose to think more about these policies. Studies 5-8 showed that greater personal importance was associated with better mAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryure and selective elaboration eliminated the importance-memory accuracy relation. Study 9 showed that people do not use perceptions of their knowledge volume to infer how important an attitude Is to them but that importance does cause knowledge accumulation. These findings help to clarify the impact Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory of attitude importance on information processing and refine our understanding of the relation between attitudes and memory.Altitude Importance and thAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
e Accumulation OÍ Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryA centerpiece of human socialization and development is learning the gathering OÍ knowledge aboAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memorye ol punishment, and ill the extreme. Io ensure their survival. But learning is not only OÍ instrumental value enlightenment is viewed by many scholars and philosophers as a source of intrinsic psychological salislac lion and fulfillment, rewarding in and of itself, regardless of whether it is used Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryto manipulate day-to-day experienc es. For example, Maslow (1999) spoke of the “sheer delight and satisfaction of knowledge and understanding per se.Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
ft makes the person bigger, wiser, richer, stronger, more evolved, more mature. It represents the actualization of a human potentiality, the fulfillmeAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory material and psychic satisfaction, our focus in this paper is on the forces that instigate and direct knowledge-gathering. This is an especially important question in light of the inescapable reality that there is too much information available in the social world for any one perceiver to acquire a Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memorynd store it all in memory'. So people must be selective in their learning. Maslow (1999) argued that ■■curiosity and exploration are 'higher' needs thAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
an safety' (p. 75)," so people will not seek knowledge broadly unless they have satisfied lower needs, such as security. But once a poison has satisfiAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memorylogical research on knowledge acquisition has been on intra-psvchic processes involving cognitive consistency (1 estinger, 1957). and other work has focused on the impact of experiences that lead people to be exposed to information (Me, et al.. 1990: Roberts & Maccoby, 1985: Robinson & Levy. 1986: W Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryood, et al.. 1995). rhe work in this paper complements that work by adopting a perspective from the attitude strength literature and considering the pAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
ossibility that the personal importanc e of a person's attitude toward an object may play an instigating role in knowledge acquisition.Personal importAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryerson’s attitude toward the object.The more importance a person attaches and (he more knowledge she or he has, the more likely (he attitude is to be resistant to change, persistent over time, and influential in directing thinking and action (see Krosnick & Petty, 1995). And we have known for some ti Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryme that importance and knowledge volume are positively correlated with one another (e.g., Bassili, 1996; Krosnick et al., 1993; Prislin, 1996; Visser,Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
1998). But we do not know why they are correlated with one another - what gives rise to this association.The principal hypothesis tested in this papeAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryde leads people to learn more about the object of that attitude, and we explored two mechanisms of this effect: that personal importance may lead people to selectively expose themselves to attitude-relevant information, and once exposed to such information, personal importance may instigate people t Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryo process that information more deeply and richly, thereby facilitating later retrieval.We begin below by setting the stage for our investigation by rAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
eviewing past work on the causes of knowledge accumulation. Then we outline a set of hypotheses about how and why importance may instigate the accumulAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryigned to test these hypotheses with a focus on a particular type of attitude: evaluations of government policies.Tile Documented Gauses.QĨKuQ2áledge.AccumulaũonFestinger (1957, pp. 127-129. 163) proposed that people experiencing cognitive dissonance may seek out information about an object in order Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryto reduce the dissonance, particularly when there is reason to expect that information will be dissonance-reducing. And Festinger proposed that peopleAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
experiencing dissonance should be especially likely to avoid exposure to information they have reason to believe may be dissonance-exacerbating. An aAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in MemoryAllyson L. Holbrook University of Illinois at ChicagoMatthew K. Beren Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory, increasing levels of dissonance were thought to be associated with increased Informationhttps://khothuvien.cori!3seeking, especially of information likely to reduce the dissonance.Remarkably little research has tested this hypothesis (though for related work, see, e.g., Adams, 1961; Frey & Wicklun Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memoryd. 1978; see Eagly & Chaiken, 1993 fora review). Instead, researchers have devoted much more effort to investigating a hypothesis that Festinger did nAttitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory
ot explicitly offer: that people prefer to expose themselves to information consonant with their own views, regardless of whether or not they are expeGọi ngay
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