The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiven University, Ramat Gan, IsraelRunning Head: Attachment and Social JudgmentAddress correspondence to: Phillip R. Shaver Department of Psychology University of California. Davis One Shields AvenueDavis, CA 95616-8686E-mail: prshaver@ucdavis.eduMario MikulincerDepartment of PsychologyBar-Ilan Universi The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory PerspectivetyRamat Gan, 52900IsraelE-mail: mikulmiipmail.biu.ac.ilAuthor note: Preparation of this chapter was facilitated by a grant from the Fetzer Institute.AThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
ttachment and social judgment 2In recent years, attachment theory (Bowlby, 1982/1969, 1973. 1980), designed originally to characterize infant-parent eThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveena. In the present chapter we review and integrate this large and still growing body of work to demonstrate the usefulness and validity of attachment theory for explaining individual variations in a wide array of social judgments, including appraisals of self and others, appraisals of person-enviro The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectivenment transactions, and cognitive reactions to new information, out-groups, others’ needs, and transient affective states. We also provide an updatedThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
integrative model of the dynamics of the attachment system (Shaver & Mikulincer, in press), which explains the effects of two major individual-differeThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveffects.Basic Concepts in Attachment Theory and ResearchIn his classic trilogy, Bowlby (1982/1969, 1973, 1980) developed a theoretical framework for explaining the nature of the affective ties we form with significant others and the relevance of these lies for socioemotional functioning. This theoret The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveical framework can now be viewed as a pan of evolutionary' psychology (see Brewer and Haselton & Buss, this volume). Bowlby (1982/1969) argued that huThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
man infants are born with a repertoire of behaviors (attachment behaviors) aimed at attaining or maintaining proximity to supportive others (attachmenThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveoevolutionary adaptation (attachment behavioral system), which emerged over the course of evolution to increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction on the part of members of a species born with immature capacities for locomotion, feeding, and defense. Although the attachment system is most c The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveritical during the early years of life, Bowlby (1988) assumed that it is active over the entire life span and is manifested in thoughts and behaviorsThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
related to proximity seeking in times of need.Attachment and social judgment 3Beyond describing the universal aspects of the attachment system, BowlbyThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectivenificant others to attachment-system activation and from the internalization of these reactions in the form of attachment working models of sell and others. On the one hand, inleraclions with significant others who are available and responsive to one’s needs facilitate die optimal functioning of the The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective attachment system and promote the formation of a sense ol attachment sec urity. This sense consists of positive expectations about others’ availabiliThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
ty in threatening situations, positive views of the self as competent and valued, a sense of optimism in dealing with threats, and increased confidencThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveivities (e.g., exploration) and ability to make risky decisions while feeling confident that support is available if needed (Bowlby, 1988).On the other hand, interactions with significant others who are unresponsive to one’s attachment needs foster insecurity regarding others’ goodwill and doubts ab The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveout the effectiveness of proximity seeking. During these painful interactions, distress is not properly-managed, insecure attachment working models arThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
e formed, and strategies of affect regulation other than support seeking arc developed. Attachment theorists (c.g.. Cassidy & Kobak. 1988; Main, 1990)The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveent attempts to minimize distance from attachment figures and elicit support by clinging and controlling responses. Deactivation consists of attempts to maximize distance from attachment figures while adopting a self-reliant stance (Bowlby. 1988; Cassidy & Kobak, 1988).While testing these theoretica The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectivel ideas in studies of adults, most researchers have focused on “styles” of attachment - systematic patterns of expectations, emotions, and behavior inThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
c lose relationships that are viewed as the residue of particular kinds of attachment histories (Fraley & Shaver. 2000). These residues are thought tThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiven adulthood were based on Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall’s (1978) tripartite typology of attachment styles in infancy - secure, anxious, and avoidant - and on Kazan and Shaver’s (1987) conceptualization of adult parallels to these styles in the marital/romantic domain. Subsequent studies (e.g., The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998; Fraley & Waller, 1998) revealed that adult attachment styles are best conceptualized, nThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
ot as distinct types, but as regions in a continuous two-dimensional space. The dimensions defining this space, attachment-related anxiety and attachmThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectivecognitions and behaviors in close relationships (see Feeney, 1999, for a review) and feelings during daily social interactions (e.g., Pietromonaco & Feldman Barrett, 1997; Tidwell, Reis, & Shaver, 1996)In this two-dimensional space, what was formerly called the "secure style” is a region in which bo The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveth anxiety and avoidance are low. This region is defined by a positive history of interactions with significant others, a sense of attachment securityThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
, and comfort with closeness and interdependence. What was called the “anxious style" refers to a region in which anxiety is high and avoidance is lowThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectivear of being rejected, and reliance on hyperactivating affective strategies. What was called the “avoidant style” refers to a region in which avoidance is high. This region is defined by insecurity concerning others’ goodwill, compulsive self-reliance, and the adoption of deactivating affect-regulati The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveon strategies. In Ainsworth et al.’s (1978) early two-dimensional analysis, based on a discriminant analysis that included all of these authors’ contiThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
nuous coding scales of infant behavior in a laboratory “strange situation,” avoidant infants occupied mainly the region where avoidance was high and aThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectivejudgment 5“dismissing avoidants" (people who are high on avoidance and low on anxiety) and “fearful avoidants" (those high on both avoidance and anxiety).Although attachment styles may initially be formed during early interactions with primary caregivers, Bowlby (1988) contended that meaningful inte The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveractions with significant others throughout life can update a person’s attachment working models (and associated behavioral orientation). Moreover, alThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
though attachment style is often conceptualized as a global orientation toward close relationships, there are theoretical and empirical reasons for beThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments: An Attachment Theory PerspectivePhillip R. Shaver University of California, Davis, USAMario MikulincerBar-llan The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectiveionship-specific, and generalized attachment representations (Collins & Read, 1994). These representations can be viewed as existing at different levels along an implicit-to-explicit continuum of information processing, as discussed by Brewer and others in this volume. People possess multiple attach The Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspectivement schemas, and both congruent and incongruent attachment-related cognitions may coexist in the cognitive network with a global attachment style (BaThe Psychodynamics of Social Judgments An Attachment Theory Perspective
ldwin et al., 1996). In fact, research has shown that (a) people can hold relationship-specific attachment orientations organized around experiences wGọi ngay
Chat zalo
Facebook