2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
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2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
School Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention theft aie costly and interfere with academic achievement. Reducing crime rates lias become an increasingly high priority for America's schools.Middle and high schools aggregate youths who are in then peak crime years. Hence It is not surprising that crime lates in schools are liiglt Victimization r 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention ates are about the same UI school as out. despite the fact that youths spend only about one fifth of their waking hours in school And other things equ2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
al, youth violence rates tend to be higher when school is III session than not.However, since 1993 schools have enjoyed a strong downward trend in criSchool Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention ime literature - school crime is linked closely to community crime rates. The schools have benefited from the remarkable crime drop 111 America.There has also been an important trend in the official response to school crime. The response lias become increasingly formal over the last 20 year s, with 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention greater recourse to arrest and the juvenile courts rather than school-based discipline - a trend that has been dubbed the "criminalization” of student2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
misbehavior (Hirschfield 2008). To some extent this trend has been furthered by federal law which has imposed zero-tolerance rules for some offenses,School Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention and from in1school discipline to increasing use of suspension or arrest. At the same tune, there has been a considerable investment in the use of surveillance cameras and metal detectors.While the increasing formality 111 school response to crime has coincided with the declining Clime rates, there i 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention s no clear indication of whether the new approach gets any of the credit. Indeed, the evaluation literature which we review here has very little to sa2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
y about the likely effects of these changes. As so often happens, there appears to be a discoiuiect between policy and research.In addition to reformsSchool Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention ctated by the recent push towards improved academic performance through school accountability. A question of considerable interest IS whether reforms designed to improve academic performance are likely to increase 01 reduce crime lates in school In our review, we find that for the most part the two 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention goals of better academic performance and safer schools aie compatible, as would be expected given that most delinquents have academic problems. One ex2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
ception IS the practice of retaining students who perform poorly on end of grade tests, a practice which lias been broadly implemented as part of the School Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention safer schools may also run afoul of the literal meaning of no child left behind The gr owing use of suspension or expulsion may make schools safer, but at the cost of further limiting delinquents' chance to succeed in school. School officials face similar dilemmas in policies regarding truancy, drop 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention out, and alternative schools.There are alternatives to the get-tough approach with Its reliance on deterrence and exclusion. We know that some schools2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
do a much better job than others in controlling the behavior of their students. C haracteristic of successtill schools in this respect is that they aSchool Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention management practices, there is much dial can be done ill the classroom dial has demonstrated effectiveness in improving behavior. Admittedly, the challenge to establishing a well ordered community is much greater 11' a high proportion of die students are at risk.For those like President Obama who w 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention ant to identify wliat works and go with that. It IS distressing that major reforms are adopted without evaluation. The get-tough exclusionary policies2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
are the most glaring example. From a different part of the political Spectrum is the high-profile push to bleak up large high schools into smaller onSchool Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention based on their evaluation of its effects on academic progress. Our own analysis suggests that while smaller schools may or may not be more conducive to academic achievement, they are not safer.hl Illis review. we focus OU the characteristics of schools related to die problem behaviors of the curren 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention t student population. That is. we consider those school characteristics that influence concurrent levels of crime, victimization, violence, and substa2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
nce use both in and out of schools. Some of the mechanisms linking school characteristics with offending behavior (such as surveillance practices) canSchool Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention n) can be expected to influence the level of offending both in and out of school.We begin with a review of the statistics on crime in school and youth crime more generally, documenting trends and patterns using a variety of data sources (which unfortunately tend to give different answers). Section I 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention I makes the case that crime in school is not simply the sum of criminal propensities of the enrolled students; that the organizational characteristics2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
of the school have considerable influence. Sections III though V consider just what aspects of school organization or "climate" matter, including sucSchool Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention ulture (Section V). Section VI discusses next steps 111 research and policy.1. School Crime: Patterns and TrendsBy rights, schools should be sanctuaries against criminal victimization, but the truth is otherwise. Youths are required by law to attend school until then late teens, but that requirement 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention does not come with any assurance that they will be safe. In fact, students report similar victimization rates at school than away from school, despit2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
e the fact that they spend many fewer waking hours 111 school. The important exception IS for the most serious violent crime, murder, where the relatiSchool Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention strong arm robberies and larcenies, are common enough to have an important effect on the school experience for many students. Nor are schools a safe haven4against ding abuse - 111 2007. 22 percent of high school students reported being offered an illegal drug on school grounds in the previous 12 mon 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention ths (CDCP 2008. Table 59).Not just students, but also teachers are threatened by crime 111 schools. In 2003-4. 7 percent of teachers reported that the2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
y were threatened with injury in the previous year, and over 3 percent said they had been physically attacked. Surely the more crime-ridden schools haSchool Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention f high schools have security officers present (Guerino et al. 2006). 59 percent use drug-sniffing dogs for random drug checks (Jekielek et al. 2007). and 13 percent use metal detectors (Guerino et al 2006). The conesponding percentages for middle schools are lower but not by much.A threatening envir 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention onment is not conducive to academic success The federal law implementing No Child Left Behind (the national education-reform initiative) stipulates th2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
at school systems must have programs in place to reduce levels of violence. There does appear to be some progress on this score, although the problem School Crime Control and Prevention Philip J. CookDenise C. Gottfredson Chongmin NaSchool violence, ding use. vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention f attack or harm at school, compared with 12 percent 111 1995.' The legislation authorizing No Child Left Behind (NCLB) has a specific provision that "persistently dangerous" schools lie identified by the states and that students attending such schools be given the option of transferring to another 2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention school. The definition of "persistently dangerous" was left to each state, and only 46 schools out1 http: nces ed.gov programs crimeindicators. cnmein2COMPLIANT - school crime control and prevention
dicators200~ hid 17 asp. accessed 12/5/2008. In 2005. only 5 percent reported that they were afraid of being attacked away from school.5of tile 94.000Gọi ngay
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