The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
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The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
THE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory eory leads to results ill'll agree Willi experiment with great accuracy arid covets an extremely wide range of pbeuumena. As yet there Me no experimental indications of any domain in which it might break down Nevertheless. tliere still remain a number of basic questions concerning Its tiindamental s The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory ignificance which are obscure and confttsed Tims tor example one of tile leading physicists of 0111 time. M Gell-Mann [1], has said “Quantum mechanicsThe undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
, that mysterious. confusing discipline, which none of US really understands Imr which we know how to use".Just what the points arc that arc not clearTHE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory way.1.Though the quantum theory treats statistical ensembles in a satisfactory way. we MV unable to describe individual quantum processes without bringing in urrsatisfiKtory assumptions. such as the collapse of the wave iiiiKtiurr.2.There is by now the well-known nonlocality that has been brought ou The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory t by Bell [2.J in connection with tile EPR experiment.3.There IS the mysterious ‘wave-particle duality’ in the properties of matter that IS demonstratThe undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
ed in a quantum interference experiment4.Above all. there is the inability'to give a clear notion of what die reality' of a quantum system could be.AlTHE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory lp.oomno physical account of individual quantum processes. Indeed, without the measuring instalments in which die p quantum theory would be just pine mathematics diat would have no physical meaning at all. And dms quantinn tknowledge ol'liow oiư instalments will function. And from Illis wv can make The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory inferences that oemtabute to our knowledge, for example, of how to cany outvarious technical processes. That is to say. it seems, as indeed Bohl- [31The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
and Ileisenbeig 111 have implied. dun quantum ihtxny is concerned only with CUI knowledge of reality find especially of how to predict and control theTHE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory primarily directed towards ẹplsreiMỈogy which IS the study that focuses on tire question of how we obtain onr knowledge (and possibly on what we can do with it).It follows, from this that quantum mechanics can say little or nothing alxutt reality itself. In philosophical tcnninology, it does not giv The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory e what can be called an ontology tor a quantum system. Ontology is concerned primarily with dial which is and only secondarily with 1k>w we obtain CUIThe undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
knowledge about dlls (ill the sense, for example, dial die process of obscnaliou would be treated US an interaction between die observed system and dTHE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory die subtitle of out book “An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory” because it gives die clearest and most accurate description of what the book is about The original papers 111 which rhe ideas were first proposed were entitled' All Interpretation inTenns of Hidden Variables" |5] and later th The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory ey were refened to as a “Causal Inreipretanon" [h]. However, we now feel tliat these terms are too restrictive. First of all. om variables arc not actThe undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
ually hidden. For example, we introduce the concept diat die electi on is a panicle with well-defined position and momentum that is, however, piufoundTHE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory in an obsei V alien. The only point is that its propcities cannot be ubseiv ed with complete precision (within the limits set by the uncertainty principle). Not IS this sort of theory necessarily causal For. as shown in chapter 9. we can also have a stochastic version of our ontological interpretati The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory on. Tire question of determinism 15 therefore a secondary one, while rhe primary question IS whether we can have an adeqtiate conception of the realitThe undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
y' of a quantum system, be this causal or he it stochastic or lie it of any other nanireIn chapter 11 section 11.2 we explain cur general attitude to THE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory s of validity. Some theories may Lie more nearly detenmnate. fol- 11k* constant discovery of new theories, blit ultimately these must be related coherently. 1 lowcver. then.’ is nsteadily approaching some linal truth. Il IS always open (as Inis indeed generally been the case) that new theories will The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory haw a qualitatively different content within which the older theories may be seen to lit together, perhaps in some approximate way. Since diere is noThe undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
lilial theory. it cannot be said that the universe K either ultimately deterministic Of ultimately' in-detenuinistic. Therefor e we cannot from physicTHE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory etation gives 3 coherent treatment of the entire domain covered by the quantum theory. This means drat It is able to lead to tire same statistical results as do other- generally accepted interpretations. In particular these include die Bolu interpretation and MQiations on this which we shall discuss The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory in chapter 2 (c.g. the interpretations of von Neumann and Wigner), r«the sake of ccuveniencc we shall pul these altogetlrei and call them the conventThe undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
ional interpretationAlthough our mam objective Hl this, bock is to show that we can give an ontological explanation of the same domain tlint IS covereTHE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory g new experimental consequences Hurt go beyond the current quantum theory. Such new theories could be tested only if we coidd find some domain in which the quantum theory actually bleaks down. Ill the last two chaplets we sketch sonic new theories of this kind and indicate some areas in which one ma The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory y expect the quantum theory to break down 111 a way dull will allow for a lest.Pauly because It has not generally been realised that our interpretatioThe undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
n has such new possibihties. the objection has been raised that it has no real content of Its own and that it merely recasts rhe content of rhe convenTHE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory answer this objection on several levels, firstly we make die general point tliat the above argument could be tinned the other way round. Thus de Broglie proposed vay early wlial is, in essence, the genu of our approach. But Illis met intense opposition from leading physicists of 11k* day. Tins was e The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory specially manifest at die Solvay C ongress of 1927 [2], Ulis opposition was continued Liter when in 1952 one of US [ij proposedThe undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
heory which answered all die objections and indeed encouraged de Broglie to take up his ideas again (For a discussion of the history ofwww.pdtgr1p.oomTHE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory the Solvay Congress had gone the other way and that de Broglie's ideas had cWlial then would have happened, if 25 years later some physicists had come along and had proposed the current interpretation (which is at present die conventional one )? Clearly by then there would be a large number of phy s The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory icists trained m the de Broglie interpretation and these would have found it dillkuli to change. They would naturally Live asked •‘What do we concreteThe undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
ly gain if we do change, if idler all tire results are tile same?” The proponents of rhe suggested ‘new’ approach would then probably have argued thatTHE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSEn RHHA.I ír R Ĩ UTT cvChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why an ontological interpretation is called forThe formalism ul’lhe quurrlum the The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory cular criticism of our own interpretation. To fell to consider such an answer seriously IS equivalent to the evidently specious argument that the interpretation that 'gets in there first” is the one that should always prevail.Let US dren consider what we regard as tire main advantages of OUT interpr The undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory etation. 1 irstly, as we shall explain in more detail tluuughout the bock but especially in chapter Li. 11 and li. 11 provides an intuitive grasp of tThe undivided universe; an ontological interpretation of quantum theory
he wlrole process. This makes the theory much moiv intelligible than one dial is restricted to mathematical equations and statistical rules for usingGọi ngay
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